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Why do people care about the meaning(s)/significance associated with a word? Does it make sense to advocate or to criticize a certain form-meaning association? This article argues that words do real cognitive and social work as they are deployed in social practice and that it is primarily through words and their histories of use that culture links to language. It is not semantic representations as such that matter but the (mostly extralinguistic) reference and conceptual baggage words acquire in their discursive world travels. Lexical significance shifts and is contested as part of shifting and contested customs, institutions, and ideologies.
Are syntactic choices influenced by the need to avoid ambiguity? Studies of the use of that with English embedded clauses have reached negative conclusions on this point. It is argued here that these conclusions may be premature. Statistical analysis of another phenomenon of English—use of the optional relative pronoun or complementizer with object relative clauses—in written text suggests that both ambiguity avoidance and anaphoricity contribute to syntactic choices. Ambiguity avoidance is shown to operate at a ‘strategic’ level, influenced by general considerations of syntactic structure, but not by lexical distinctions or pragmatic factors.