Inhibitory control plays an important role in children’s cognitive and socioemotional development, including their psychopathology. It has been established that contextual factors such as socioeconomic status (SES) and parents’ psychopathology are associated with children’s inhibitory control. However, the relations between the neural correlates of inhibitory control and contextual factors have been rarely examined in longitudinal studies. In the present study, we used both event-related potential (ERP) components and time-frequency measures of inhibitory control to evaluate the neural pathways between contextual factors, including prenatal SES and maternal psychopathology, and children’s behavioral and emotional problems in a large sample of children (N = 560; 51.75% females; Mage = 7.13 years; Rangeage = 4–11 years). Results showed that theta power, which was positively predicted by prenatal SES and was negatively related to children’s externalizing problems, mediated the longitudinal and negative relation between them. ERP amplitudes and latencies did not mediate the longitudinal association between prenatal risk factors (i.e., prenatal SES and maternal psychopathology) and children’s internalizing and externalizing problems. Our findings increase our understanding of the neural pathways linking early risk factors to children’s psychopathology.

This study aimed to identify behaviours that could be used to assess post-operative pain and analgesic efficacy in male rabbits. In consideration of the ‘Three Rs’, behavioural data were collected on seven male New Zealand White rabbits in an ethically approved experiment requiring abdominal implantation of a telemetric device for purposes other than behavioural assessment. Prior to surgery, rabbits were anaesthetised using an isoflurane/oxygen mix and given Carprofen (2 mg kg−1) as a peri-operative analgesic. Rabbits were housed individually in standard laboratory cages throughout. Data were collected at three time periods: 24-21 h prior to surgery (T1) and, post-surgery, 0-3 h (T2) and 3-6 h (T3). Behavioural changes were identified using Observer XT, significance of which was assessed using a Friedman's test for several related samples. The frequency or duration of numerous pre-operative behaviours was significantly reduced in T2 and T3, as compared to T1. Conversely, novel or rare behaviours had either first occurrence or significant increase in T2 into T3 as compared to T1, these include ‘full-body-flexing’, ‘tight-huddling’, ‘hind-leg-shuffling’. We conclude that reduced expression of common pre-operative behaviours and the appearance of certain novel post-operative behaviours may be indicative of pain in rabbits. Behaviours identified as increased in T2 as compared to T1 but not consistently elevated into T3 were considered separately due to the potentially confounding effect of anaesthesia recovery. These included lateral lying, ‘drawing-back’, ‘staggering’ and ‘closed eyes’. We postulate that for effective application of best-practice post-operative care, informed behavioural observation can provide routes by which carers may identify requirements for additional post-operative analgesia. Additionally, improvement of the peri-operative pain management regimen may be required to ameliorate the immediate effects of abdominal surgery. Comparisons with other studies into post-operative pain expression in rabbits suggest behavioural indicators of pain may differ, depending on housing and surgical procedure.

We describe an ultra-wide-bandwidth, low-frequency receiver recently installed on the Parkes radio telescope. The receiver system provides continuous frequency coverage from 704 to 4032 MHz. For much of the band (${\sim}60\%$), the system temperature is approximately 22 K and the receiver system remains in a linear regime even in the presence of strong mobile phone transmissions. We discuss the scientific and technical aspects of the new receiver, including its astronomical objectives, as well as the feed, receiver, digitiser, and signal processor design. We describe the pipeline routines that form the archive-ready data products and how those data files can be accessed from the archives. The system performance is quantified, including the system noise and linearity, beam shape, antenna efficiency, polarisation calibration, and timing stability.

The Commensal Real-time Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder Fast Transients survey is the first extensive astronomical survey using phased array feeds. Since January 2017, it has been searching for fast radio bursts in fly’s eye mode. Here, we present a calculation of the sensitivity and total exposure of the survey that detected the first 20 of these bursts, using the pulsars B1641-45 and B0833-45 as calibrators. The beamshape, antenna-dependent system noise, and the effects of radio-frequency interference and fluctuations during commissioning are quantified. Effective survey exposures and sensitivities are calculated as a function of the source counts distribution. Statistical ‘stat’ and systematics ‘sys’ effects are treated separately. The implied fast radio burst rate is significantly lower than the 37 sky−1 day−1 calculated using nominal exposures and sensitivities for this same sample by Shannon et al. (2018). At the Euclidean (best-fit) power-law index of −1.5 (−2.2), the rate is $12.7_{-2.2}^{+3.3}$ (sys) ± 3.6 (stat) sky−1 day−1 ($20.7_{-1.7}^{+2.1}$ (sys) ± 2.8 (stat) sky−1 day−1) above a threshold of 56.6 ± 6.6(sys) Jy ms (40.4 ± 1.2(sys) Jy ms). This strongly suggests that these calculations be performed for other FRB-hunting experiments, allowing meaningful comparisons to be made between them.

We describe the performance of the Boolardy Engineering Test Array, the prototype for the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder telescope. Boolardy Engineering Test Array is the first aperture synthesis radio telescope to use phased array feed technology, giving it the ability to electronically form up to nine dual-polarisation beams. We report the methods developed for forming and measuring the beams, and the adaptations that have been made to the traditional calibration and imaging procedures in order to allow BETA to function as a multi-beam aperture synthesis telescope. We describe the commissioning of the instrument and present details of Boolardy Engineering Test Array’s performance: sensitivity, beam characteristics, polarimetric properties, and image quality. We summarise the astronomical science that it has produced and draw lessons from operating Boolardy Engineering Test Array that will be relevant to the commissioning and operation of the final Australian Square Kilometre Array Path telescope.

Climate change experts predict the number of nuisance-biting arthropods in England will increase but there is currently no known surveillance system in place to monitor or assess the public health impact of arthropod bites. This retrospective ecological study utilized arthropod bites requiring healthcare from five national real-time syndromic surveillance systems monitoring general practitioner (GP) consultations (in-hours and out-of-hours), emergency department (ED) attendances and telephone calls to remote advice services to determine baseline incidence in England between 2000 and 2013 and to assess the association between arthropod bites and temperature. During summer months (weeks 20–40) we estimated that arthropod bites contribute a weekly median of ~4000 GP consultations, 750 calls to remote advice services, 700 ED and 1300 GP out-of-hours attendances. In all systems, incidence was highest during summer months compared to the rest of the year. Arthropod bites were positively associated with temperature with incidence rate ratios (IRRs) that ranged between systems from 1·03 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1·01–1·06] to 1·14 (95% CI 1·11–1·16). Using syndromic surveillance systems we have established and described baseline incidence of arthropod bites and this can now be monitored routinely in real time to assess the impact of extreme weather events and climate change.

Mg, the only effective p-type dopant for nitrides, iswell-studied in thin films due to the important role the impurity plays in lightemitting diodes and high power electronics. However, there are few reports of Mgin thick free-standing GaN substrates. Here we evaluate the material quality andpoint defects in GaN grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) using metallicMg as the doping source. The crystal quality is typical of commercially grownHVPE substrates, and the photoluminescence measurements reveal distinctivelysharp excitonic and shallow-donor shallow-acceptor features. Secondary ion massspectroscopy indicates total Mg concentrations between 7x1016 and6x1018 cm-3 in the four separate samples studied but,more significantly, photoluminescence and electron paramagnetic resonancespectroscopy show that the Mg is incorporated as a shallow acceptor.

In this paper, an initial-value problem for the modified Korteweg-de Vries (mKdV) equation is addressed. Previous numerical simulations of the solution of

\[u_{t} - 6u^{2} u_{x}+u_{xxx}=0, \quad -\infty<x<\infty, \quad t>0,\]

\[u(x,0)=\tanh ( Cx ), \quad -\infty<x<\infty,\]

This paper describes the system architecture of a newly constructed radio telescope – the Boolardy engineering test array, which is a prototype of the Australian square kilometre array pathfinder telescope. Phased array feed technology is used to form multiple simultaneous beams per antenna, providing astronomers with unprecedented survey speed. The test array described here is a six-antenna interferometer, fitted with prototype signal processing hardware capable of forming at least nine dual-polarisation beams simultaneously, allowing several square degrees to be imaged in a single pointed observation. The main purpose of the test array is to develop beamforming and wide-field calibration methods for use with the full telescope, but it will also be capable of limited early science demonstrations.

Between 10% and 25% of children in Australian schools have significant difficulty in mastering basic educational skills. Failure to achieve “tool” competencies in literacy (and numeracy) expected for independent adult functioning can have cumulatively negative consequences for individuals and their communities. The contribution of behavioural approaches to the instruction in basic literacy skills in schools is outlined. Empirical evidence of their effectiveness is presented and two of the most comprehensive (and most successful) models are described: the Morningside model of generative instruction and direct instruction. Despite strong research support, however, behavioural approaches have not been widely adopted in general education. It is suggested that the main barriers to their adoption are the currently dominant paradigms of structuralism and constructivism, neither of which have translated into effective teaching practices for children most at risk of failure. Constructivist epistemology, in particular, is seen as oppositional to behaviour-based instruction and scientist–practitioner intervention, and its disregard for empiricism is cause for concern that ineffective practices will be maintained. It is concluded that behaviour-based practitioners (and researchers) need to become more effectively involved in system-level change strategies if they are to make an impact on the wider problems of educational failure.

A home-based reinforcement programme was implemented to decrease classroom rule violations by a 16-year-old boy with a long history of disruptive behaviour in a secondary school classroom. The critical features of the intervention are described and discussed, including the fading procedure employed to maintain the behavioural gains exhibited during the programme's operation. The usefulness of minimal interventions, such as home-based reinforcement programmes, in the management of problem behaviour in schools is discussed, and comment is made on some possible benefits to behavioural practice of the collaborative style of intervention exemplified.

The goal of the Murdoch Early Intervention Program (MEIP) was to replicate the intensive early intervention program designed by Lovaas for children with severe developmental disability and autism. This paper describes the objectives, methods, and the results as of 24 months. Although MEIP differs from Lovaas's model in several respects, and the children have been generally less capable at the outset, results are interpreted tentatively as being as predicted. Four of 9 experimental children have shown signs of approaching normal levels of functioning whereas 1 of 5 control children has made significant progress. Improvements in the remainder of the children are rated as moderate to minimal. These preliminary results are presented to encourage others working with children with autism and other difficult-to-teach children to publish their methods and results. The small number of children in any one locality, and the high cost of controlled studies indicates the necessity for accumulating findings across service providers.

In this paper, we consider an initial-value problem for the Korteweg–de Vries equation. The normalized Korteweg–de Vries equation considered is given by

$$\begin{equation*} u_{\tau }+u u_{x}+u_{xxx}=0, \quad -\infty <x<\infty ,\ \tau >0, \end{equation*}$$

$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}x$

$\tau $

$u(x,0) =u_{0}>0$

$x \le 0$

$u(x,0)=0$

$x>0$

$\tau $

Fibrin hydrogels are an exciting platform for cell-based therapies, as they contain necessary cues for adhesion, can be remodeled by entrapped cells, and the biophysical properties can be modified with a plethora of strategies. Furthermore, fibrin acts as a provisional matrix in vivo for tissue regeneration. While the majority of studies seek to manipulate fibrin gel properties by changing the concentration of clotting proteins, these studies highlight our capacity to change bulk stiffness and fiber properties by supplementing the solutions with sodium chloride (NaCl). Physical properties including fiber thickness, porosity, compressive modulus, and fluid uptake capacity were dependent on NaCl content, with gels containing 2.60% (w/v) NaCl exhibiting compressive moduli threefold higher than gels without NaCl. These material properties, in turn, affected the gel morphology along with the osteogenic and pro-angiogenic response of entrapped mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). The osteoconductivity of fibrin gels can be enhanced by inclusion of apatite-coated polymer substrata to nucleate mineral, while the efficacy of engineered fibrin gels to simultaneously deploy small molecules with cells to enhance endogenous angiogenic potential has been demonstrated. Collectively, these data demonstrate the broad capacity of engineered fibrin gels to regulate function of entrapped cells for use in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.