Here, we explore variation in a new record of archaeological house-floor sizes from the southwestern United States relative to spatially explicit time series estimates of local precipitation. Our results show that inequality becomes more severe during periods of high precipitation. This supports the theory suggesting that inequality may emerge where resources are dense, predictable, and clumped within heterogenous and circumscribed environments. Our findings indicate that wealth inequality may emerge among populations with similar subsistence adaptations as a result of local socioenvironmental variation.

Aims: Eating disorders represent a major challenge for psychiatric and broader medical care. The rate of hospitalisation has almost doubled in recent years and anorexia has a higher mortality rate than any other mental illness. Beat Eating Disorders has made recommendations for educating medical students. When making the recommendations, they did not receive responses from Cardiff or Swansea Medical Schools. This review assesses the provision of eating disorder teaching and whether it is sufficient for effective medical training.

Methods: Clinical lecturers in Cardiff and Swansea Medical School reviewed each other’s medical curricula and compared the prevalence and extent of eating disorders in each. From 1 December 2024 to 5 February 2025 we reviewed the types of learning provided, opportunities for self-directed learning, and other areas where eating disorders could arise. We compared this against the guidelines recommended by Beat for an effective curriculum. We also reviewed the schools’ official exam guidelines to assess whether eating disorders are listed as a topic in psychiatry or the broader curriculum.

Results: In Cardiff there is a dedicated lecture on eating disorders in the Year 4 psychiatry rotation, which covers all major eating disorders. There is also an optional online module written by an Eating Disorders Consultant which goes into further detail. There is no practical training in examining or communicating with a person with eating disorders.

In Swansea there was no mention of eating disorders in the curriculum yearbook. There is a lecture in Year 2 and Year 3, each an hour long. Eating disorders exist on the GMC MLA content map, so can come up in the final year OSCE (CPSA) but it is not clear whether this happens in practice in Swansea or Cardiff.

Across South Wales, clinical attachments with eating disorder services were haphazard and locality-dependent. Beat would classify both medical schools as providing “insufficient” education.

Conclusion: Medical students in Wales are not receiving education on eating disorders that satisfies the Beat recommendations. Despite achieving proficiency in academic teaching, neither medical school provides the practical experience necessary to examine, support, and treat someone with eating disorders.

Greater emphasis on eating disorders is required, not just within psychiatry, but within broader medical teaching such as cardiology and gastroenterology. Eating disorders should be better incorporated into communication stations, practical examinations, and psychiatric teaching. Better access to Eating Disorder Services for medical students would also allow them to meet patients and build vital clinical experience

Aims: Eating disorders are complex, serious illnesses that can result in physical and psychiatric co-morbidities, medical emergencies and progressive health consequences. The aim of this service evaluation was to explore current knowledge and understanding of eating disorders amongst medical students in South Wales, and evaluate current teaching and training.

Methods: Two separate cross-sectional web surveys were designed for final year medical students at Swansea and Cardiff Universities using Microsoft Forms. Participation was voluntary, and anonymised. Surveys consisted of eight Likert-based questions and one free text question, allowing participants to share personal details should they wish to participate in future data collection. The survey was disseminated via email between 7 and 14 October 2024.

Results: A total 16 final year medical students from Swansea and 21 from Cardiff completed the surveys.

Over 80% of medical students reported low confidence (rated as 5 or below /10) in their ability to describe the seven types of eating disorder. 90% of students from Cardiff and 75% of students from Swansea reported low confidence in their knowledge of the prevalence and their ability to describe a medical risk profile. 62% from Cardiff and 44% from Swansea reported low confidence in their ability to elicit symptoms of eating disorders and make diagnoses. As a result, only 38% of Cardiff students and 56% of Swansea students reported feeling confident (rated 6–10 /10) to assess the needs of patients with eating disorders and communicate with them effectively. Over 75% of the entire student cohort described low confidence in their ability to identify stages and types of management for eating disorders. Fewer than 10% of students from both Universities felt highly confident (8–10/10) that they would be able to describe medical emergencies in eating disorders.

The entire student cohort from Cardiff and over 80% of students from Swansea expressed dissatisfaction with the education and training provided on eating disorders.

Conclusion: There are significant gaps in medical students’ understanding of eating disorders and confidence in assessing and managing eating disorders is low. Eating disorders may be stigmatised, and this may introduce additional barriers to teaching and to clinical exposure.

This service evaluation highlights the need for a review of medical school curricula to confirm the provision of eating disorder teaching.

More effective and comprehensive teaching, and clinical exposure will be indicated in order to improve confidence and competence in the assessment and management of eating disorders amongst medical students before graduating.

The Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP) offers powerful new capabilities for studying the polarised and magnetised Universe at radio wavelengths. In this paper, we introduce the Polarisation Sky Survey of the Universe’s Magnetism (POSSUM), a groundbreaking survey with three primary objectives: (1) to create a comprehensive Faraday rotation measure (RM) grid of up to one million compact extragalactic sources across the southern $\sim50$% of the sky (20,630 deg$^2$); (2) to map the intrinsic polarisation and RM properties of a wide range of discrete extragalactic and Galactic objects over the same area; and (3) to contribute interferometric data with excellent surface brightness sensitivity, which can be combined with single-dish data to study the diffuse Galactic interstellar medium. Observations for the full POSSUM survey commenced in May 2023 and are expected to conclude by mid-2028. POSSUM will achieve an RM grid density of around 30–50 RMs per square degree with a median measurement uncertainty of $\sim$1 rad m$^{-2}$. The survey operates primarily over a frequency range of 800–1088 MHz, with an angular resolution of 20” and a typical RMS sensitivity in Stokes Q or U of 18 $\mu$Jy beam$^{-1}$. Additionally, the survey will be supplemented by similar observations covering 1296–1440 MHz over 38% of the sky. POSSUM will enable the discovery and detailed investigation of magnetised phenomena in a wide range of cosmic environments, including the intergalactic medium and cosmic web, galaxy clusters and groups, active galactic nuclei and radio galaxies, the Magellanic System and other nearby galaxies, galaxy halos and the circumgalactic medium, and the magnetic structure of the Milky Way across a very wide range of scales, as well as the interplay between these components. This paper reviews the current science case developed by the POSSUM Collaboration and provides an overview of POSSUM’s observations, data processing, outputs, and its complementarity with other radio and multi-wavelength surveys, including future work with the SKA.

Geophysical flows are typically composed of wave and mean motions with a wide range of overlapping temporal scales, making separation between the two types of motion in wave-resolving numerical simulations challenging. Lagrangian filtering – whereby a temporal filter is applied in the frame of the flow – is an effective way to overcome this challenge, allowing clean separation of waves from mean flow based on frequency separation in a Lagrangian frame. Previous implementations of Lagrangian filtering have used particle tracking approaches, which are subject to large memory requirements or difficulties with particle clustering. Kafiabad & Vanneste (2023, Computing Lagrangian means, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 960, A36) recently proposed a novel method for finding Lagrangian means without particle tracking by solving a set of partial differential equations alongside the governing equations of the flow. In this work, we adapt the approach of Kafiabad & Vanneste to develop a flexible, on-the-fly, partial differential equation-based method for Lagrangian filtering using arbitrary convolutional filters. We present several different wave–mean decompositions, demonstrating that our Lagrangian methods are capable of recovering a clean wave field from a nonlinear simulation of geostrophic turbulence interacting with Poincaré waves.

This introduction presents the structure and contents of the current issue of Archaeological Reports. It also offers an overview (not meant to be exhaustive) of archaeological activity in Greece over the past 12 months, focusing on major exhibitions and other cultural events as well as on important recent publications.

Clusters of galaxies have been found to host Mpc-scale diffuse, non-thermal radio emission in the form of central radio halos and peripheral relics. Turbulence and shock-related processes in the intra-cluster medium are generally considered responsible for the emission, though details of these processes are still not clear. The low surface brightness makes detection of the emission a challenge, but with recent surveys with high-sensitivity radio telescopes we are beginning to build large samples of these sources. The Evolutionary Map of the Universe (EMU) is a Southern Sky survey being performed by the Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP) over the next few years and is well-suited to detect and characterise such emission. To assess prospects of the full survey, we have performed a pilot search of diffuse sources in 71 clusters from the Planck Sunyaev–Zeldovich (SZ) cluster catalogue (PSZ2) found in archival ASKAP observations. After re-imaging the archival data and performing both (u, v)-plane and image-plane angular scale filtering, we detect 21 radio halos (12 for the first time, excluding an additional six candidates), 11 relics (in seven clusters, and six for the first time, excluding a further five candidate relics), along with 12 other, unclassified diffuse radio sources. From these detections, we predict the full EMU survey will uncover up to $\approx 254$ radio halos and $\approx 85$ radio relics in the 858 PSZ2 clusters that will be covered by EMU. The percentage of clusters found to host diffuse emission in this work is similar to the number reported in recent cluster surveys with the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) Two-metre Sky Survey [Botteon, et al. 2022a, A&A, 660, A78], suggesting EMU will complement similar searches being performed in the Northern Sky and provide us with statistically significant samples of halos and relics at the completion of the full survey. This work presents the first step towards large samples of the diffuse radio sources in Southern Sky clusters with ASKAP and eventually the SKA.

Building upon existing research conducted in face-to-face universities, our research explored whether, in the context of a distance learning institution, the positive association between subjective socioeconomic status and academic performance can be explained by students’ sense of belonging. To that end, we conducted a three-wave correlational study with 2,261 students enrolled in Social Psychology in a distance learning university. At the start of the academic year, we measured participants’ subjective socioeconomic status relative to other students alongside their initial expectations in terms of time investment and grades and other relevant covariates. Midway through the course, we assessed their sense of belonging to the university and, at the end, we recorded their grades. Results suggested that sense of belonging potentially serves as a mediating factor in the positive relationship between subjective socioeconomic status and grades even after accounting for variables like initial grade expectations, time commitment, gender, age, and employment situation. These findings emphasize the pivotal role of students’ psychological connection to the university in shaping their academic achievement, even within the expanding landscape of distance education.

This article revisits ‘the problem of Classical Ionia’, the long-persisting idea put forward by John Manuel Cook in 1961 that Ionia experienced regional economic impoverishment in the fifth century BCE. By looking comprehensively at the dataset of coinage available from fifth-century Ionia, this article argues that there is actually significant evidence for regional networking in Classical Ionia, and that various communities, even if not continually emitting new coinages at all points in the fifth century, adopted various strategies for maintaining their economic reach and extending their network of trading partners. Formal network analysis is applied to the coinage dataset, taking the shared weight standards to which communities minted their coins as indicative of participation in common economic networks. The network patterns are tested against two other patterns, specifically the distribution of fifth-century Chian and Samian amphoras, and the pattern of Ionian-coin-containing hoards from within and beyond Ionia. Together, these patterns strengthen the case for a high-level Ionian economic resilience, offering a radically different position to Cook and reaffirming that continuing economic networking was crucial to the activities of fifth-century Ionian states.