Throughout a three-year undergraduate nutrition degree, students learn the theoretical knowledge and technical skill set required to become a nutritionist. However, nutrition curriculum does not always include an opportunity to practice the application of knowledge and skills in a real-world setting or develop an understanding of the transferable skills required in a workplace, thus, general employability skills and information on workplace expectations are not developed(1). A mixed methods research study was undertaken to understand student perspectives of employer expectations and general employability skills. A validated work-ready tool(1) was used to survey undergraduate nutrition students at Australian universities (n = 171); students who participated in an industry placement were interviewed pre/post placement (n = 22); nutrition industry experts and employers (n = 9) were interviewed and an industry focus group (n = 6) was conducted to develop a deeper understanding of the impact of including curriculum that developed employability skills and exposure to workplaces and expectations. Survey data showed 74% of students had an understanding of how to effectively use their skills in the workplace, 75% indicated they knew what was expected of them if they used their skills in the workplace, and 64% understood the steps in the process of using their skills. Students who completed an employability subject at one university were invited to complete the same survey upon completion and 100% of students reported having this knowledge and understanding. Thematic analysis of student interviews revealed multiple benefits of placement such as industry insights; role clarity; deeper understanding of workplace expectations; the opportunity to practice application of knowledge and skills, identify unknown information, gain experience; networking opportunities; feeling better prepared for interviews and job searching post-degree and improved confidence across all themes identified. Thematic analysis of industry interviews and focus groups also revealed themes related to the benefits of a placement experience for students. Employers identified placement as an opportunity for students to develop an understanding of graduate and workplace expectations; better understand roles and industry; practice application of knowledge and skills; and to develop networks and confidence. Employers also identified a lack of confidence in some students asking for help; students’ inability to translate scientific knowledge to a range of lay audiences; and an understanding of how nutrition works with or within other departments, and suggested that employability skills should be developed within courses and/or on placement to better prepare students for the workplace. The results indicate that the inclusion of employability development and/or placements within the curriculum develops an understanding of the employability skills required by nutrition graduates, builds greater awareness of employment expectations, roles, industry, and workplaces, and provides an opportunity to practice the application of their knowledge and skills resulting in improved graduate confidence.

This paper asks whether much State taxation is currently avoiding proper constitutional scrutiny, including the issue of its compliance with s 90 of the Commonwealth Constitution. That provision gives sole power to the Commonwealth to levy duties of customs and excise. The second part of the paper argues that the current interpretation of s 90 is in any event not capable of a sensible application to State laws.

The relationship between the higher-order factor model and the hierarchical factor model is explored formally. We show that the Schmid-Leiman transformation produces constrained hierarchical factor solutions. Using a generalized Schmid-Leiman transformation and its inverse, we show that for any unconstrained hierarchical factor model there is an equivalent higher-order factor model with direct effects (loadings) on the manifest variables from the higher-order factors. Therefore, the class of higher-order factor models (without direct effects of higher-order factors) is nested within the class of unconstrained hierarchical factor models. In light of these formal results, we discuss some implications for testing the higher-order factor model and the issue of general factor. An interesting aspect concerning the efficient fitting of the higher-order factor model with direct effects is noted.

This article analyses how governments across Australia and the world have employed ‘soft law’ in their responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Rather than simply directing the public to the text of voluminous, complex and everchanging public health orders, executive officials have utilised a variety of non-legal soft law instruments to inform the community of their rights and obligations. These instruments are beneficial — especially in a public health crisis — as they are comprehensible, adaptable and effective. However, their non-legal nature also presents significant accountability issues which challenge the Australian conception of the separation of powers. Soft law exists independent of any parliamentary authorisation or oversight. Subsequently, those affected by soft law lack almost any ability to challenge its use in court. To remedy such issues, this article recommends a greater role for administrative complaint mechanisms (such as Ombudsman recommendations and discretionary payment schemes) in combatting abuses of soft law. It further suggests that the limited adoption of two foreign doctrines — substantive legitimate expectations and epistemic deference — into Australian judicial review could aid in addressing this dilemma.

Bell’s palsy is acute facial palsy due to inflammation involving the facial nerve related to infections. Rates have not been noted to differ by ethnicity. We studied the lifetime prevalence in First Nations and all other Manitobans in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus aged 7 and older in 2013–2014 and 2016–2017. We found a crude lifetime prevalence of 9.9% [95% CI 9.4–10.4%] in the First Nations population versus 3.9% [95% CI 3.8–4.0%] in all other Manitobans. It is unknown if there were differences in glycemic control. The increased prevalence was found in all five provincial health regions. This study indicates that ethnicity may be an important risk factor for Bell’s palsy.

For a qualified nutritionist to obtain registration with the Nutrition Society of Australia they must first demonstrate that they meet a set of competencies relating to required nutrition knowledge and skills(1). However, theoretical knowledge and a technical skillset may not be enough to actively contribute to the workforce as a new graduate(2). Employers have previously expressed a desire for nutrition graduates to also develop employability skills in undergraduate studies to be better prepared for the workforce(3). Universities across Australia appear to have heterogeneous approaches to building nutrition students employability skills. To better understand student workforce readiness and employability skills, the research team undertook a mixed-methods study. A validated work-ready tool was used to survey undergraduate nutrition students self-perception of work readiness (n = 88) and semi-structed interviews of students pre/post nutrition industry placements (n = 18) were conducted to assess factors impacting student understanding and development of work readiness. Preliminary data from the survey showed higher levels of perceived ability related to higher age in, written communication (P<0.05), decision making (P<0.05), working unsupervised (P<0.05) and managing challenges (P<0.05). Lower age showed lower perceived ability in understanding how to apply skills (P<0.001). Lower levels of work experience showed lower perceived ability to work in a team (P<0.01), collaborate (P<0.01), work under pressure (P<0.05), and identify problems (P<0.01). Thematic analysis from interviews revealed themes related to improved confidence following a placement experience, communicating to stakeholders, the importance of translation skills, the benefits of networking and self-efficacy. The results suggest there are numerous identified gaps and significant room for improvement. To have a systematic approach to skill development, universities training nutrition students should consider developing a framework that builds understanding and scaffolds skill development across year levels. An employability framework has the potential to increase students employability skills and knowledge, enhance student confidence and increase graduate employment.

This essay examines an 1877 Gujarati translation of Queen Victoria's Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands. It was the work of M. M. Bhownaggree, later a British MP. The essay explores the circumstances under which Bhownaggree undertook the translation, its content, and its intended audience. It closes with some observations on the book's place in the history of Indian royalism, the place of Indian royalism in the development of modern Gujarati literature, and the interplay of the Gujarati identity that was emerging in the latter part of the nineteenth century with both royalism and Indian nationalism.