With high-speed turbulent combustion applications, we here mean airbreathing engine systems capable of powering aircraft at supersonic and low hypersonic flight speeds between 3 < Ma < 8. Such aircraft are most likely to be designed differently compared to today’s aircraft, being centered around a common engine duct embracing different engine systems activated at different flight speeds. For takeoff and landing, conventional turbojet engines will likely be used, whereas for cruise conditions, a dual-mode ramjet engine, capable of transi-tioning between pure ramjet and scramjet modes is preferred. Such engines do not yet exist, but experimental and computational research is currently generating data and information, paving the way toward further understanding of the aerothermodynamics. This will generate the basis for more advanced experiments that, together with high-fidelity simulations, can lead toward the realization of hypersonic flight vehicles. Here, coarse-grained reacting large eddy simulation and hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes or LES, together with small comprehensive reaction mechanisms, conjugate heat transfer, and thermal radiation modeling, play an important role. In this chapter, the necessary modeling steps and methods, as well as chemical reaction mechanisms, are scrutinized, and results from a few selected cases are presented to illustrate the key physical processes as well as the accuracy of present LES-based prediction methods and the remaining challenges.

In this chapter, we investigate how a couple where one of the spouses is diagnosed with dementia handle challenges in narrations of past shared events that arise when the spouse with dementia has limited access to these events. Partners of people diagnosed with dementia recurrently have to take into consideration that their spouse may not remember details in stories they tell, even though the person with dementia is a main participant in the events being retold. The design of such stories is complex as the interactants must keep track of both the content of the story and manage the potential sensitivity of telling a story that should already be known to both spouses. We show how the spouse without dementia (re)organizes the participation framework in resourceful ways and delicately deals with her spouse’s limited memory using a variety of face-saving practices. The analyses highlight how issues related to knowledge and dementia can benefit from using an interactional and distributed perspective. While access and rights to knowledge is usually divided between participants depending on the knowledge domain and the participants’ relation to the topic, in the case of a dementia disease a more flexible approach towards such divisions could be advantageous.

The proliferation of digital technologies is changing the face of markets and society. This on-going market digitalization represents an opportunity for Market Studies – a field that has long considered the role of technologies in markets. Careful inquiry into market digitalization allows for continued agnostic and descriptive research, but also prompts us to consider the human outcomes of market arrangements. This chapter explores how the digitalization of markets affects human relationships and experiences. Basing our argument on a review of contemporary scholarship on market digitalization, we suggest that digitalization reconfigures both visibility and participation in markets. This typology actualizes how everyday human market interaction is changing, exemplified through the figures of the consumer, the influencer, and the activist. We find that Market Studies is in a strong position to address technologies as it already considers several roles in markets: as market devices, objects of exchange, as well as market infrastructures. We propose that Market Studies should continue to explore differences in market arrangements, as well as the significant variability among the people interacting in digitalizing markets.

Here, I deal with the issue of Hitler’s belief in Jesus’ divinity and show that, in contrast to what modern scholarship has thus far claimed about this question, Hitler did indeed refer to Jesus as divine on many occasions throughout his life. He even spoke of Jesus as the Son of God. I argue that Hitler’s views cannot be explained away by claiming that his words were simply clever propaganda intended to draw Christians into the NSDAP. The particularities of Hitler’s religious views and his interpretation of Jesus were simply too odd for them to act effectively as a propaganda tool designed to gain the sympathies of mainstream Christians. This chapter builds on an article that was published in the Journal of Religious History in June 2021.

The conclusion that Hitler was genuinely inspired by Jesus in his antisemitic struggle against the Jews thus cannot be avoided. Hitler viewed Jesus as the original Aryan warrior who had begun an apocalyptic battle against the Jews, but who had been killed before he had had a chance to finish the job. Historians must start taking Hitler’s (and the other leading Nazis’) religious beliefs seriously if we wish to fully understand how Hitler and his followers could be so morally convinced that what they were doing was the right thing – indeed, the “good” thing – to do. It adds significantly to our understanding not only of how Hitler could sway so many Germans to do what he wanted, but also of how the Nazis’ ultimate crime – the Holocaust – was possible to undertake in one of Europe’s most “civilized” and culturally and economically developed nations. Hitler thought he was following in the footsteps of Jesus – an alleged Aryan warrior who had dedicated his life to fighting the Jews – and that the National Socialists had a duty to finish what he was convinced Jesus had started: the eradication of theof the Jewish people from the face of the earth.

In this chapter, I cover the religious and ideological background development of how the character of Jesus came to be remade a Jew into an Aryan. I show the complicity of many leading Christian theologians in this development through their willingness to adapt to racist ideas and to integrate these into the Christian faith, thereby laying the foundation for what became National Socialist Christianity, most clearly embodied in the form of the splinter group in the German Protestant church known as German Christians (Deutsche Christen). This chapter is crucial in order for the reader to be able to understand how Hitler’s interpretation of Jesus could ever have come about and been accepted. It was not Hitler who created the idea of Jesus as an Aryan warrior attacking the Jews; Hitler only integrated an already existing and established idea into his own worldview.

In the last empirical chapter, I show the many ways in which Hitler’s belief in Jesus as an Aryan warrior turned Jesus into a moral/ethical, religious, and ideological role model for the Nazis. Hitler’s selective interpretation of Jesus’ life and mission meant that the latter was seen as an Aryan hero and combatant against the Jews. The story of how Jesus had cleared the Temple grounds of moneylenders was one of Hitler’s favorite images and one that he constantly brought up as an example for every Nazi to follow. The National Socialists were considered to be the true heirs and followers of Christ; but while the Jews had prevented Jesus from fulfilling his divine mission by killing him, the Nazis would indeed succeed in destroying the Jews and thus completing Jesus’ divine mission on earth. The chapter stresses the important point that Hitler believed his genocidal war on the Jewish people to be a mission sanctioned and proscribed by God.