We introduce and test a stylized model of dynamic pricing under duopolistic competition. In our model, a consumer receives alternating price offers between two retailers over an indefinite number of periods so that the game or “season” terminates with a fixed probability after each period. The two retailers do not know the valuation of the consumer for the good they are competing to sell to the consumer, but they have common knowledge about the probability distribution of the valuation. Our equilibrium analysis suggests that price offers decrease exponentially across periods over the season. Moreover, when there are multiple consumers in the game, as long as their valuations are ex ante independently and identically distributed, the equilibrium predictions are the same regardless of the number of consumers. An experiment on the model showed that subjects acting as retailers often overpriced relative to equilibrium predictions. In addition, the theoretical invariance with respect to the number of consumers did not hold: consumers seemed to be more prone to strategic waiting in the first period of the season when there were multiple consumers (compared with when there was only a single consumer), leading to a decrease in the per-consumer payoff of the retailer who made the price offer in the first period and a corresponding increase in per-consumer payoff of the other retailer. There is also evidence of within-session evolution that led to lower retailer prices that were closer to equilibrium predictions, and higher tendency for consumer strategic waiting, as the session progressed.

Learning models predict that the relative speed at which players in a game adjust their behavior has a critical influence on long term behavior. In an ultimatum game, the prediction is that proposers learn not to make small offers faster than responders learn not to reject them. We experimentally test whether relative speed of learning has the predicted effect, by manipulating the amount of experience accumulated by proposers and responders. The experiment allows the predicted learning by responders to be observed, for the first time.

We focus on a class of market entry games in which a newly emergent market opportunity may be fruitfully exploited by no more than a commonly known, exogenously determined number of firms. Our results show significant effects of the parameters manipulated in the study, namely, the market capacity, entry fee, and method of subject assignment to groups (fixed vs. random). In contrast to previous market entry games with linear payoff functions, we find no evidence of convergence to equilibrium play on the aggregate level. Shifting the focus of the analysis from the aggregate to the individual level, four clusters of subjects are identified. The patterns are: (1) choice of the same action that is independent of the parameters of the game or the outcome of previous presentations of the same game; (2) random choices with probabilities prescribed by the equilibrium solution for risk-neutral players; (3) random choices with probabilities equal to the individual observed overall proportion of entry; and (4) sequential dependencies that violate any model that assumes randomization. Subjects in the fourth and largest category are shown to adjust their choices in accordance with a simple principle of strategic reasoning.

We report an experiment in which subjects may learn from each other. Specifically, a “queue” of players who are identically informed ex ante make decisions in sequence over two lotteries. Every player except the first in the queue observes (only) his immediate predecessor’s choice and payoff before making his own decision. In equilibrium decisions are identical from the first or second player onwards in all experimental conditions. However, complete adherence to equilibrium play is seldom observed in our experiment. We further analyze our data using a quantal response equilibrium approach and test for behavioral regularities related to base rate fallacy/conservatism bias, social conformity/rebelliousness, and preference for experimentation (preferring the lottery with potentially more information spillover value). Our estimations reveal a consistent preference for experimentation across conditions, and further analysis offers some support to our surmise that this behavioral regularity is due, in part, to an attempt to influence others behind in the queue.

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of interference events in automotive scenarios based on radar systems equipped with communication-assisted chirp sequence (CaCS). First, it examines the impact of interference on radar and communication functionalities in CaCS systems according to the orientation of the investigated nodes. For this purpose, a graph-based approach is employed with MATLAB simulations to illustrate the potential occurrence of interference on the graph for communication functionality compared with their counterparts on radar. Second, the paper delves into the impact of interference on the synchronization between two communicating CaCS nodes. It extends a previous study to match the frequency of current radar sensors, where chirp estimation, an adjusted version of the Schmidl & Cox algorithm, and correlation are adopted to synchronize the transmitter and receiver of two CaCS communicating nodes in the time-frequency plane. The proposed synchronization method is finally verified by measurements at ${79}\,\mathrm{GHz}$ with a system-on-chip, where the resulting correlation metric and mean square error are illustrated as validation factors.

Both the elements and the eigenvalues of the Pearson correlation matrix of dichotomous Guttman-scalable items can be expressed as simple functions of the number of items if the score distribution is uniform and there is an equal number of items at each difficulty level. Even when these special conditions do not hold, the correlations can often be expressed in a simple form by assuming a particular score distribution.

A system-in-package for a wideband digital radar, in D-band, requires broadband, high-gain antennas combined with broadband chip-to-package and package-to-printed circuit board (PCB) interconnects. This paper demonstrates a wideband, low-loss quasi-coaxial signal transition, and a novel electric split ring resonator (eSRR)-based antenna-in-package (AiP) with a modified reflector concept, for improved gain, in embedded wafer level ball grid array (eWLB) technology. A complete chip-to-package-to-PCB interconnect is also demonstrated by combining the quasi-coaxial transition with a chip-to-package interconnect. The quasi-coaxial signal transition has the largest impedance bandwidth among ball grid array-based quasi-coaxial signal transitions. For the modified reflector concept, a horn-shaped cavity is micromachined in the PCB substrate and remetallized with aerosol-jet printing, placing the reflector 0.25λ from the antenna. The antenna gain is improved with up to 5.3 dB. The AiP with the horn-shaped reflector is the single element with the highest gain, in eWLB technology, above 100 GHz.

Digital radar waveforms such as orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) often have the disadvantage that they require high sampling rates if fine range resolutions have to be achieved. The frequency comb OFDM radar scheme offers a possibility to overcome this drawback and to improve the range resolution without increasing the sampling rate. Simultaneously, the high unambiguous velocity, which is one of the advantages of digital radar waveforms, is retained and due to the simple generation of orthogonal transmit signals, it is well suited for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) applications. To prove all these features of the frequency comb OFDM radar scheme, a suitable 4 × 4 MIMO demonstrator including frequency comb generation as well as up- and downconversion with these combs has been set up. Its functionality has been validated with real measurements in an anechoic chamber in conjunction with a radar target simulator to emulate very high velocities.

With increasing demands on resolution and flexibility in current and future radar applications, the focus is moving to digital radar systems such as orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) radars. To achieve high bandwidths and consequently a high range resolution, high sampling rates are needed. To overcome this constraint, an approach called frequency comb OFDM radar has been developed. This paper presents a novel, hardware efficient implementation of such a frequency comb OFDM radar including a novel way of comb generation. Special attention is put on the suppression of unwanted frequency components. Measurements which demonstrate the functionality of the hardware efficient radar system in combination with the frequency comb OFDM technique are presented.

Rapid depressurization is a fluid phenomenon that occurs in many industrial and natural applications. Its behaviour is often complicated by the formation, propagation and interaction of waves. In this work, we perform computer simulations of the rapid depressurization of a gas–solid mixture in a shock tube. Our problem set-up mimics previously performed experiments, which have been historically used as a laboratory surrogate for volcanic eruptions. The simulations are carried out with a discontinuous Galerkin compressible fluid solver with four-way coupled Lagrangian particle tracking capabilities. The results give an unprecedented look into the complex multiphase physics at work in this problem. Different regimes have been characterized in a regime map that highlights the key observations. While the mean flow behaviour is in good agreement with experiments, the simulations show unexpected accelerations of the particle front as it expands. Additionally, a new lifting mechanism for gas bubble (void) growth inside the gas–solid mixture is detailed.

Multipath propagation occurs in many situations of radar measurements in complex environments. The unwanted effects range from interference over the radar channels, which causes amplitude fading and a corrupted direction of arrival (DOA) estimation, to the detection of ghost targets in an angle of arrival of the multipath direction. Due to the different number of reflections, polarimetric radars are capable to separate certain multipaths from direct paths if the target is known in advance. Furthermore, it is possible to separate objects with different polarimetric features in DOA that are located in the same radial distance to the radar. In this paper, a new approach to DOA detection based on the coherent Pauli decomposition is presented. With this approach, important multipath and DOA effects are analyzed and measurement results at 77 GHz on canonical objects in an anechoic chamber are presented. The results prove the feasibility of the approach and demonstrate the occurring effects.

The modern and composite Pleistocene snow-lines of the Absaroka and Beartooth Mountains, Montana-Wyoming, were established from a population of 135 north-facing cirques and cirque glaciers distributed across Boulder River, Stillwater River, Rosebud, and Rock Creeks. The 3110 m elevation of the modern snow-line was established by connecting the accumulation-area ratios of 35 existing cirque glaciers. The composite Pleistocene snow-line was established by joining the mean floor elevations of the lowest abandoned cirques.

Comparison of the modern and composite Pleistocene snow-lines indicates that the composite Pleistocene snow-line was depressed, at minimum, 305 m during the Pleistocene. The 305 m depression suggests that the mean Pleistocene temperatures were, at a minimum, 1.9 deg lower than the present mean annual temperatures found in the study area.

Both the modern and Pleistocene snow-lines slope towards lower elevations in the Boulder and Stillwater drainages than in the Rosebud–Rock Creek drainages. Modern precipitation rates also show greater precipitation in the Boulder–Stillwater drainages than the Rosebud–Rock Creek drainages. The parallelism of the modern and composite Pleistocene snow-lines, and present precipitation rates suggest that temperature rather than precipitation is the controlling factor causing the depression of the snow-lines.

The distribution of cirque elevations indicates that snow-lines fluctuated a minimum of four times during the Pleistocene.

Experimental economics has the potential to fill some of the gaps in the economist's tool kit. This article describes experimental economics, its advantages and disadvantages, and why this tool might be a good choice in some situations. The article summarizes the history of its use by agricultural and resource economists. An illustrative example compares laboratory experiment data with survey data.

This paper describes the design considerations, integration issues, packaging, and experimental performance of recently developed D-Band dual-channel transceiver with on-chip antennas fabricated in a SiGe-BiCMOS technology. The design comprises a fully integrated transceiver circuit with quasi-monostatic architecture that operates between 114 and 124 GHz. All analog building blocks are controllable via a serial peripheral interface to reduce the number of connections and facilitate the communication between digital processor and analog building blocks. The two electromagnetically coupled patch antennas are placed on the top of the die with 8.6 dBi gain and have a simulated efficiency of 60%. The chip consumes 450 mW and is wire-bonded into an open-lid 5 × 5 mm2 quad-flat no-leads package. Measurement results for the estimation of range, and azimuth angle in single object situation are presented.

This paper discusses the operating range of frequency modulated (FM) radars in the presence of interference. For this purpose, radar- and path loss equations are used to draw the equipotential lines for a given signal-to-interference ratio as a function of the spatial distribution of targets and interferers in order to identify relevant scenario constellations. Further the factors influencing the gain of signal versus deterministic interference are discussed based on measurements and simulations. Finally, the influence of different kinds of interference on the spectrum of a frequency modulated continuous wave radar is shown.