Using a series of laboratory experiments in the context of bilateral bargaining over whether and how to engage in a joint venture, this paper shows that fairness concerns result in failures to undertake profitable joint production opportunities. We find that framing an opportunity as an employment relationship rather than as a partnership significantly reduces these inefficiencies and increases subjects’ welfare. Consistent with the theoretical model developed in the paper, text analysis and a follow-up experiment demonstrate that the lower likelihood of an efficient outcome in the partnership frame is driven primarily by a concern for fairness generated by the perceived social relationship associated with partnerships, and not by differences in the economic structure, cognition, subject motivation, or changes in relative bargaining power.

In this paper, we present a standardized approach for using cancer incidence and survival data to account for the timing between a reduction in carcinogen exposure and the subsequent reduction in cancer risk and fatality. While the estimates for this timing between a reduction in carcinogen exposure and reduced cancer risk would ideally come from high-quality studies specifically examining this question, very few such studies are available. Thus, we designed an approach to account for this timing when sufficient data are not available elsewhere. Our approach can be used in estimating monetized values for achieving small reductions in the risks for many common specific types of cancer in benefit–cost analyses of regulatory and non-regulatory policies in the United States that achieve cancer risk reductions by reducing carcinogen exposures. We provide estimated values for 108 different cancer sites and for all cancer sites combined. We accompany this paper with a spreadsheet-based tool that presents our results separately for non-fatal and fatal risks so that results can easily be calculated using different combinations of discount rates, latency between carcinogen exposure and cancer diagnosis, values for the willingness-to-pay to avoid fatal and non-fatal cancer risks, and potentially affected populations.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: We are using ethnographic methods and Dissemination and Implementation (D&I) frameworks to study barriers and facilitators to implementing ‘TeamMAPPS: Team Methods to Advance Processes and Performance in Science.’ TeamMAPPS is an evidence-based Team Science curriculum deployed as five online modules and being implemented across CTSA hubs. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: For this pre-implementation study, we used the Implementation Mapping framework to understand likely barriers and facilitators, with the aim of designing implementation strategies and long-term outcome measures. Data included field notes from a two-day train-the-trainer, one visit to a key implementing site, and 27 interviews. Participants were four TeamMAPPS conceptualizers, four module designers, and 15 implementers from seven implementing sites, each with a CTSA hub (four were interviewed twice). We coded transcripts using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to identify contextual barriers and facilitators to D&I, the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) D&I outcomes framework, and target competencies of TeamMAPPS. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Priority D&I outcomes that emerged were adoption, reach, and effectiveness. Potential barriers/facilitators to “adoption” included institutional willingness to incentivize scientists to utilize TeamMAPPS, support for Team Science at CTSAs, and systems of rewards for scientists to undergo trainings. Anticipated barriers/facilitators for “reach” were closely tied to adoption, such as institutions’ ability to persuade or require scientists to take trainings. Other issues relevant to reach included the time it takes to time to complete TeamMAPPS and potentially fraught intra-team dynamics arising if modules are implemented as a whole-team intervention. Anticipated barriers/facilitators for “effectiveness” included having adequate tools to assess actual impact. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: TeamMAPPS has the potential to accelerate advances in translational sciences across the CTSA consortium. As this D&I study proceeds we will continue Implementation Mapping and use the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) to develop bundles of implementer-informed strategies to the effectively deliver TeamMAPPS among CTSAs.

Parent-Child interaction therapy (PCIT) has been shown to improve positive, responsive parenting and lower risk for child maltreatment (CM), including among families who are already involved in the child welfare system. However, higher risk families show higher rates of treatment attrition, limiting effectiveness. In N = 120 child welfare families randomized to PCIT, we tested behavioral and physiological markers of parent self-regulation and socio-cognitive processes assessed at pre-intervention as predictors of retention in PCIT. Results of multinomial logistic regressions indicate that parents who declined treatment displayed more negative parenting, greater perceptions of child responsibility and control in adult–child transactions, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) increases to a positive dyadic interaction task, and RSA withdrawal to a challenging, dyadic toy clean-up task. Increased odds of dropout during PCIT's child-directed interaction phase were associated with greater parent attentional bias to angry facial cues on an emotional go/no-go task. Hostile attributions about one's child predicted risk for dropout during the parent-directed interaction phase, and readiness for change scores predicted higher odds of treatment completion. Implications for intervening with child welfare-involved families are discussed along with study limitations.

The health and economic outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic will in part be determined by how effectively experts can communicate information to the public and the degree to which people follow expert recommendation. Using a survey experiment conducted in May 2020 with almost 5,000 respondents, this paper examines the effect of source cues and message frames on perceptions of information credibility in the context of COVID-19. Each health recommendation was framed by expert or nonexpert sources, was fact- or experience-based, and suggested potential gain or loss to test if either the source cue or framing of issues affected responses to the pandemic. We find no evidence that either source cue or message framing influence people’s responses – instead, respondents’ ideological predispositions, media consumption, and age explain much of the variation in survey responses, suggesting that public health messaging may face challenges from growing ideological cleavages in American politics.

We examined associations between preschool children's cumulative risk exposure, dyadic interaction patterns, and self-control abilities in 238 mother–child dyads. Positive interactive synchrony, relationship ruptures, and latency to repair were micro-coded during a 3–5 minute joint challenge task. Children's self-control was assessed via two laboratory tasks and by parent report. Structural equation modeling and mediation analyses were utilized to examine the direct and indirect effects of cumulative risk on children's observed and parent-reported self-control abilities. Parent–child interactive processes of dyadic synchrony and latency to repair ruptures in synchrony were examined as mediators. Dyadic synchrony and latency to repair ruptures were found to mediate associations between cumulative risk exposure and children's behavioral and parent-reported self-control. Children exposed to more cumulative risk engaged in less dyadic synchrony and experienced longer latencies to repair ruptures with their caregiver, which in turn was associated with lower child self-control. Though cross-sectional, findings suggest dyadic synchrony and repair processes may represent viable mechanistic pathways linking cumulative risk exposure and deficits in child self-control. However, independent replications using longitudinal and experimental intervention designs are needed to determine causal pathways and inform new approaches for targeting the effects of early risk exposure through a focus on two-generational interventions.

For over a century, scholars have traced higher levels of serious crime in minority compared to White neighborhoods to stark socioeconomic inequality. Yet, this research is largely cross-sectional and does not assess how ethnoracial differences in crime patterns evolve over time in response to shifting structural conditions. The new century witnessed substantial changes to the circumstances that undergird the ethnoracial divide in neighborhood crime as well as a national crime decline. How are the changing dynamics of urban inequality reinforcing or diminishing racial and ethnic disparities in neighborhood crime in the context of the “Great American Crime Decline”? We address this question by first identifying distinct paths of violent and property crime change between 1999 and 2013 for almost 2700 neighborhoods across eighteen cities. We then assess how initial and changing levels of disadvantage, housing instability, and demographics explain divergent crime trajectories within neighborhoods. We find that most neighborhoods have lower levels of homicide and burglary than fifteen years ago. However, homicide and burglary increased in some neighborhoods, and this trend is largely limited to Black neighborhoods. Disadvantage and the housing crisis are critical in accounting for the heightened risk of neighborhoods having increasing rather than decreasing crime trends. In contrast, immigration is linked with declining and stable trends in violent and property crime. Overall, results indicate a widening of the racial-spatial divide for the most marginalized communities in the United States.

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of task-specific self-efficacy on stages of readiness for change among people with substance abuse problems. Participants were 140 men and 33 women with substance abuse problems receiving services in outpatient therapeutic community service programs. The Stages of Change Scale-Substance Abuse (SCS-SA) was the outcome measure. People with substance abuse problems receiving outpatient treatment services can be meaningfully classified into four stages of change groups: (1) Precontemplation, (2) Inactive, (3) Ambivalent-Conforming, and (4) Participation. Readiness for change is related to self-efficacy in work-related skills and risk-avoidance skills. Task-specific self-efficacy is related to stages of change. The findings of this study suggested that providing skill training to enhance task specific self-efficacy can help people with substance abuse problems progress from lower level to higher level of stages of change.

Understanding the genetic and environmental contributions to measures of brain structure such as surface area and cortical thickness is important for a better understanding of the nature of brain-behavior relationships and changes due to development or disease. Continuous spatial maps of genetic influences on these structural features can contribute to our understanding of regional patterns of heritability, since it remains to be seen whether genetic contributions to brain structure respect the boundaries of any traditional parcellation approaches. Using data from magnetic resonance imaging scans collected on a large sample of monozygotic and dizygotic twins in the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging, we created maps of the heritability of areal expansion (a vertex-based area measure) and cortical thickness and examined the degree to which these maps were affected by adjustment for total surface area and mean cortical thickness. We also compared the approach of estimating regional heritability based on the average heritability of vertices within the region to the more traditional region-of-interest (ROI)-based approach. The results suggested high heritability across the cortex for areal expansion and, to a slightly lesser degree, for cortical thickness. There was a great deal of genetic overlap between global and regional measures for surface area, so maps of region-specific genetic influences on surface area revealed more modest heritabilities. There was greater inter-regional variability in heritabilities when calculated using the traditional ROI-based approach compared to summarizing vertex-by-vertex heritabilities within regions. Discrepancies between the approaches were greatest in small regions and tended to be larger for surface area than for cortical thickness measures. Implications regarding brain phenotypes for future genetic association studies are discussed.

Despite the continued importance of discrimination for racial labor market inequality, little research explores the process by which workers name potentially negative experiences as race discrimination. Drawing on the legal consciousness literature and organizational approaches to employment discrimination, we assess the effect of social status, job characteristics, and workplace context on the likelihood that workers perceive race discrimination at work. Analyzing data from the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality, we find that ascriptive status is associated with perceptions of discrimination, with African Americans, Hispanics, and women more likely to perceive racial discrimination, net of job and organizational controls. Results also suggest that workers with a greater sense of entitlement (as indicated by job authority, promotion experience, and union membership) and knowledge of legal entitlements (as indicated by education level and age) are more likely to perceive workplace racial discrimination. Other workplace conditions can signal fairness and decrease perceptions of racial bias, such as formalized screening practices and having nonwhite supervisors, whereas working among predominantly nonwhite coworkers increases the likelihood of perceiving discrimination. These findings suggest that personal attributions of discrimination vary across social groups and their environments, and demonstrate the importance of workplace context for understanding how individuals apply legal concepts, such as discrimination, to their experiences.