During a series of submersible surveys of the Shiribeshi Seamount, northern Sea of Japan, by the remotely-operated vehicle (ROV) ‘Dolphin 3K’ and the human-occupied vehicle (HOV) ‘Shinkai 2000’ in July 2001, dense patches of golden skate eggs were observed. Given the lack of information for this species, an analysis was performed to estimate the abundance of the eggs and to ascertain if any patterns could be determined from the distribution of eggs on the sea-floor as recorded by the ROV and HOV video cameras. Eggs, including some with viable embryos, were found on only one of four ROV benthic transect surveys and one crewed submersible dive in the same location. The site where eggs were laid was relatively small and appeared to have been revisited through time. This work is part of an ongoing collaborative effort between East Stroudsburg University and the Marine Biodiversity Research Programme at the Japan Agency for Marine–Earth Science and Technology to characterize the midwater and benthic deep-sea faunas around Japan.

Modern in situ survey technologies such as crewed submersibles, remotely-operated vehicles (ROVs), towed camera arrays, and visual/video plankton recorders (VPRs) were used to characterize the dominant anthomedusan species off the eastern seaboard of Japan. Notes on the taxonomy, distribution, behaviour and interspecies interactions are presented for the four observed species: Euphysa japonica, E. flammea, Calycopsis nematophora and Pandea rubra. A new generic definition for the genus Calycopsis is proposed. The possibility of run-on, cascading detrimental effects of oceanic acidification on midwater ecosystems was identified from observations made during the present study.

This paper presents the results of a juxtaposition of archaeological findings on Hohokam irrigation and ethnographic research on the social organization of irrigation. There are no ethnographic or historic records pertaining to the Hohokam, so the comparative ethnographic approach is perhaps more productive than in other situations. Several forms of canal irrigation organization are considered, including politically centralized, acephalous, private, and several forms of communal. We find that politically centralized, acephalous, and private forms are implausible in the Hohokam context. Several of the communal forms are plausible. We find no ethnographic basis for positing a valley-wide management system.

Biodiversity of cnidarian and ctenophore forms in Toyama Bay, Japan Sea, was lower than that in Sagami Bay, north-western Pacific, according to all the indices investigated. Highest richness of forms occurred in the 400—600 m depth layer in Sagami Bay, while in Toyama Bay richness was low in most layers. New forms continued to occur with increasing depth in Sagami Bay but not in Toyama Bay and species composition differed remarkably between the two bays. Putative secondary deep-sea gelatinous forms were identified. Horizontal patchiness in normalized abundances was the rule rather than the exception and for accurate calculations of biodiversity indices incorporating evenness or equitability, the necessity for multiple submersible dives in a single area and survey period was noted. Vertical migration and predation were identified as possible factors contributing to the higher diversity in the 400—600 m depth layer in Sagami Bay.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of acute plasma volume expansion on arterial blood-gas status during 6.5 min strenuous cycling exercise comparing six athletes with and six athletes without exercise-induced arterial hypoxaemia (EIAH). We hypothesized that plasma volume expansion could improve arterial oxygen pressure in a homogeneous sample of athletes - those with EIAH. In this paper we have extended the analysis and results of our recently published surprising findings that lengthening cardiopulmonary transit time did not improve arterial blood-gas status in a heterogeneous sample of endurance cyclists. One 500 ml bag of 10 % Pentastarch (infusion condition) or 60 ml 0.9 % saline (placebo) was infused prior to exercise in a randomized, double-blind fashion on two different days. Power output, cardiac output, oxygen consumption and arterial blood gases were measured during strenuous exercise. Cardiac output and oxygen consumption were not affected by acute hypervolaemia. There were group × condition interaction effects for arterial oxygen pressure and alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference, suggesting that those with hypoxaemia experienced improved arterial oxygen pressure (+4 mmHg) and lower alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference (-2 mmHg) with infusion. In conclusion, acute hypervolaemia improves blood-gas status in athletes with EIAH. The impairment of gas exchange occurs within the first minute of exercise, and is not impaired further throughout the remaining duration of exercise. This suggests that arterial oxygen pressure is only minimally mediated by cardiac output. Experimental Physiology (2003) 88.4, 555-564.

The behaviour of Loligo opalescens as observed by a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) was analysed. Thirty-nine behavioural components were identified and classed into four categories: chromatic, postural, locomotory, and inking. The frequency with which components were expressed was correlated to whether or not an individual was schooling, shoaling, alone with the ROV, or in the presence of other species. Behaviours observed were compared to those reported for other Loligo species. Observations of schooling and feeding behaviour, and reactions to other species are included.

A family of quadratic maps of the plane has been found numerically for certain parameter values to have three attractors, in a triangular pattern, with ‘intermingled’ basins. This means that for every open set S, if the basin of attraction of one of the attractors intersects S in a set of positive Lebesgue measure, then so do the other two basins. In this paper we mathematically verify this observation for a particular parameter, and prove that our results hold for a set of parameters with positive Lebesgue measure.

Three unusual cases of oropharyngeal lympho-proliferative lesions were seen in recipients of heart and heart-lung transplants. Two caused acute upper respiratory obstruction necessitating urgent ENT intervention. All patients were receiving immunosuppressive drugs including cyclosporin. The two obstructive cases were adenotonsillar enlargement in a 6-year-old, and a tumour of the tonsil and tongue base with cervical lymph node enlargement in a 32-year-old male. Both were caused by Epstein-Barr Virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorder. The third patient, a 32-year-old female, had a presumed low grade T-cell lymphoma that regressed spontaneously.

Histopathological diagnosis of these lympho-proliferative disorders after transplantation usually requires immunocytochemistry to distinguish polyclonal proliferative disorders from true lymphoma. Polyclonal lymphoproliferative disorders after transplantation do not usually require aggressive cytoreductive therapy, but respond to simple measures such as the reduction of immunosuppression.

Shortly after the turn of the century a Social Democratic newspaper characterized middle-class liberals as forming at best the “tail” (Schwanz) of Social Democracy, at worst the “tail of the Prussian Conservatives.” If the remark reflects the contempt which Marxists as well as radical rightists have manifested toward the middle parties, it also suggests the precariousness, the uncertain orientation of the middle posture. Flanked on one side by the still politically dominant landed aristocracy and the influential industrial magnates, on the other side by an inexorably growing industrial working class was a variety of social and occupational groupings weakly unified by a claim to some degree of status and a consciousness of being bürgerlich. In the imperial period the meaning of bürgerlich was shifting from “nonaristocratic” to “nonlaborer” without having attained the intermediate connotation of “civic.” The bürgerlich social and occupational groupings found their political representation primarily in the liberal and Catholic parties, secondarily in allegedly nonpolitical institutions and an array of regional, peasant, and anti-Semitic parties, increasingly in economic pressure groups.

The transportation of the nineteenth century; the opening of fertile virgin soil, farmed by extensive methods, in North America, Argentina, and Russia; the expansion of animal husbandry in the Americas and Australia; the development of refrigeration and canning; a chronic worldwide shortage of currency; and such natural catastrophes as the destruction of French vineyards by phylloxera, epidemics of hoof-and-mouth disease, and years of drought followed by years of excessive rain, produced a severe crisis for European farmers in the final quarter of the nineteenth century. European farmers found themselves in a squeeze between the cheap prices of their overseas competitors and their own high production costs, which were caused by intensive or antiquated methods. Two alternative policies confronted European of the high-cost areas.