We present the distribution of the parthenopid crab species Distolambrus maltzami from the North-east Atlantic with a first record from UK seas. The distribution of D. maltzami in the Celtic-Biscay area in the eastern Atlantic, is both described based on recent records from survey data and estimated from modelling its environmental niche. The predicted probability of occurrence is greatest in areas with fluctuating tidal currents and water masses that are rich in chlorophyll-a, cold (minimum bottom temperature lower than 10°C) and oxygen-rich. We include a simple key to distinguish the two parthenopid crab species previously encountered in the region and highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to fisheries data collection.

This article is a clinical guide which discusses the “state-of-the-art” usage of the classic monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressants (phenelzine, tranylcypromine, and isocarboxazid) in modern psychiatric practice. The guide is for all clinicians, including those who may not be experienced MAOI prescribers. It discusses indications, drug-drug interactions, side-effect management, and the safety of various augmentation strategies. There is a clear and broad consensus (more than 70 international expert endorsers), based on 6 decades of experience, for the recommendations herein exposited. They are based on empirical evidence and expert opinion—this guide is presented as a new specialist-consensus standard. The guide provides practical clinical advice, and is the basis for the rational use of these drugs, particularly because it improves and updates knowledge, and corrects the various misconceptions that have hitherto been prominent in the literature, partly due to insufficient knowledge of pharmacology. The guide suggests that MAOIs should always be considered in cases of treatment-resistant depression (including those melancholic in nature), and prior to electroconvulsive therapy—while taking into account of patient preference. In selected cases, they may be considered earlier in the treatment algorithm than has previously been customary, and should not be regarded as drugs of last resort; they may prove decisively effective when many other treatments have failed. The guide clarifies key points on the concomitant use of incorrectly proscribed drugs such as methylphenidate and some tricyclic antidepressants. It also illustrates the straightforward “bridging” methods that may be used to transition simply and safely from other antidepressants to MAOIs.

Although lignin has been negatively correlated with neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility (NDFD) in ruminants and used to predict potential extent of NDF digestion of forages, selection of an analysis, Klason lignin (KL) or acid-detergent lignin (ADL), to describe that the nutritionally relevant lignin has not been resolved. Dismissed as an artifact is the difference between KL and ADL (ΔL). A question is whether ΔL influences NDFD. We evaluated the relationships of ΔL, KL and ADL with NDFD in order to determine the nutritionally homogeneous or heterogeneous nature of KL. Data sets from two laboratories (DS1 and DS2) were used that included ADL, KL and in vitro NDFD at 48 h (NDFD48). DS1 contained seven C3 grasses, seventeen C4 maize forages and nineteen alfalfas, and DS2 had fifteen C3 grasses, eight C4 forages and six alfalfas. Mean ΔL was greater than ADL in C3 and C4 samples and less in alfalfas. Within forage type and laboratory, ΔL was not correlated with NDFD48 (r −0·34–0·49; all P > 0·17). ADL was more consistently correlated with NDFD48 (r −0·47–−0·95; P < 0·01–0·21) than with KL (r 0·03–−0·91; P < 0·01–0·94). ΔL as a proportion of KL was correlated with NDFD48 in C3 and C4 samples (r 0·44–0·76; P < 0·01–0·08). The differing behaviours of ΔL and ADL relative to NDFD48 indicate that KL is a nutritionally heterogeneous fraction, the behaviour of which may vary by forage type and ratios of ADL and ΔL present.

The mouth may be presented and understood in different ways, be subject to judgement by others and, as we age, may intrude on everyday life due to problems that affect oral health. However, research that considers older people's experiences concerning their mouths and teeth is limited. This paper reports on qualitative research with 43 people in England and Scotland, aged 65–91, exploring the significance of the mouth over the lifecourse. It uses the concept of ‘mouth talk’ to explore narratives of maintaining, losing and replacing teeth. Participants engaged in ‘mouth talk’ to downplay the impact of the mouth, demonstrate socially appropriate ageing, and distance themselves from ‘real’ old age by retaining a moral identity and sense of self. They also found means to challenge dominant discourses of ageing in how they spoke about missing teeth. Referring to Leder's notion of ‘dys-appearance’ and Gilleard and Higgs’ work on the social imaginary of the fourth age, the study illustrates the ways in which ‘mouth talk’ can contribute to sustaining a sense of self in later life, presenting the ageing mouth, with and without teeth, as an absent presence. It also argues for the importance of listening to stories of the mouth in order to expand understanding of people's approaches to oral health in older age.

Using optimization techniques in a Simulation framework, this study demonstrates the synergy between risk balancing and alternative strategies in effectively reducing risk under changing farm conditions. Highly risk-averse farmers tend to prefer integrated risk-management plans, based on the diversification principle, that yield offsetting combinations of the risk-reducing benefits of most strategies and the profit-generating capacities of the others. The greater appeal of a more diversified plan usually downplays the risk balancing strategy as the farm utilizes credit reserves to implement other production and marketing plans considered essential to Overall risk reduction. The farm, however, still realizes overall, though more regulated, reduction in its financial risk position.

Because individuals develop dementia as a manifestation of neurodegenerative or neurovascular disorder, there is a need to develop reliable approaches to their identification. We are undertaking an observational study (Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative [ONDRI]) that includes genomics, neuroimaging, and assessments of cognition as well as language, speech, gait, retinal imaging, and eye tracking. Disorders studied include Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and vascular cognitive impairment. Data from ONDRI will be collected into the Brain-CODE database to facilitate correlative analysis. ONDRI will provide a repertoire of endophenotyped individuals that will be a unique, publicly available resource.

The industrialization of agriculture refers to the continued consolidation of farms and to the growing use of production and marketing contracts and vertical integration among input suppliers, lenders, agricultural producers, processors, and distributors of food and fiber products, domestically and globally. Industrialization is strongly affecting the structure and performance of farms and agribusiness firms; the distribution of risk, returns, and the ownership and control of resources in the food and fiber system; locations of production; competitiveness in international markets; the effectiveness of agricultural policy; business activity, income, family welfare and employment in rural communities; and environmental quality and control. Research is urgently needed to measure these effects, understand the complex underlying factors, and evaluate policy alternatives that influence and are influenced by the industrialization of agriculture.

Selfishness of preferences alone will not support the coordination necessary for the industrialization of the food system. Social capital relationships of mutual sympathy (caring) yield socio-emotional goods that are important in the more personal business world of evolving incomplete contracts and alliances involving input suppliers, processors, and labor. Relationships are also critical when consumers are buying image as well as physical products. Management and policy alternatives constitute investment in social capital that can affect opportunism, risk, loyalty, and trust.

This article describes the properties of the Farm Financial Simulation Model (FFSM). FFSM is a tool for analyzing the financial consequences of various managerial strategies and policy options that may be implemented in responding to farm financial stress. Various farm types from different geographical regions having differing enterprises, financial structures, tenure arrangements, and consumption patterns can be analyzed. The emphasis of FFSM is placed on modeling a farm's profitability, liquidity, solvency, and financial position and the model produces a coordinated set of financial statements and an extensive set of financial ratios over a four-year period.

Farm level risk analyses have used price and yield variability almost exclusively to represent risk. Results from a survey of 149 agricultural producers in 12 states indicate that producers consider a broader range of sources of variability in their operations. Significant differences exist among categories with respect to the importance of the sources of variability in crop and livestock production. Producers also used a variety of management responses to variability. There were significant difference among categories in the importance given to particular responses and their use of them. These results have implications for research, extension, and policy programs.

Substantial variations in equity and income of cattle producers and feeders in highly leveraged operations have occurred during the early 1970s as the result of wide variations in prices of cattle and purchased feed. Moreover, severe losses in many commercial feedlots have resulted in greater forage inputs in beef production, with feeder cattle placed in feedlots at heavier weights and for shorter periods of time. The large price uncertainty, together with possible changes in the livestock production system, make cattle producers' search for effective methods of risk management more urgent.

The search is hampered, however, by a limited scope of choices in risk management. Forward price commitments in cattle production have received limited use at the producer level. Public programs of price support and supply management have never been available. Insurance choices are few, as are alternatives for diversifying use of grazing lands and other resources specialized to cattle production. Often, producers' primary methods of risk-bearing are reliance on financial reserves, including unused borrowing capacity, emergency loans provided by public programs and outside sources of income. However, effective opportunities for reduction of income variability may be offered by vertical integration expressed as retention of calf ownership through finishing stages either on pasture or by custom feeding in commercial feedlots.

This study employs correlation relationships to measure the strength of trade-offs between business and financial risks as a representation of the strategic capital adjustment process. Under different business risk measures based on varying lengths of historical farm income data, results suggest that farmers tend to adopt a myopic perspective when contemplating risk-balancing plans. Cross-sectional regression results for two-time period models covering the decade of the 1980s and 1990s yielded important implications. The liquidity-constrained environment of the 1980s emphasizes the combination of risk-balancing plans, specialization, and market revenue-enhancing strategies. In the 1990s, risk balancing becomes compatible with risk-reducing crop diversification and insurance protection plans.

Variability in commodity prices and yields, together with greater financial obligations for highly leveraged farms, have added much uncertainty about farmers' debt servicing capacity (Barry and Fraser; Hanson and Thompson). As a result, financial responses must come more to the forefront in farmers' risk management, through emphasis on fuller development and application of the financial control process; and development of specific financial programs and instruments for dealing with random variations in debt servicing capacity (Baker; Lee). An example of the second response is the variable amortization payment plan VAPP suggested by Baker and tested empirically by Stone for use in farm mortgage lending.

The rapid increase of real estate debt and nonreal estate debt outstanding in the farm sector at the national level is well documented [e.g., 2, 4, 6]. Reasons for these increases include the rapid consolidation of land ownership, continuing adoption of capital intensive technology, greater off-farm purchases of operating inputs, increases in land values, and other such factors. On the one hand the ability of the farm sector to attract this debt is encouraging. Yet, serious questions arise concerning agriculture's liquidity position, repayment capacity, and the actual performance of its finance market. Much of the increased debt came from land sellers, other individuals, and merchants and dealers. None of these are specialized lenders.

Money and capital markets exist to provide an exchange system for debt and equity instruments-money substitutes with time dimensions. This financial intermediation process is a two-way flow. The funds-flow originates with savers and terminates with the ultimate borrowers or users of the saved funds. The securities flow originates with ultimate borrowers and ends with primary savers. In addition to savers and borrowers, the principal participants are the financial intermediaries: those firms in which (a) claims on and to others dominate among assets and liabilities and (b) economic activities center upon the purchase and sale of such claims.

Signaling is an important element in the lender-borrower relationship that influences the cost and availability of debt capital to agricultural borrowers. This paper analyzes the effects of signaling on farm capital structure in conjunction with the pecking order and trade-off theories. The aggregate estimation indicates that signaling does affect agricultural credit relationships through measures of past cash flow and profitability. High-quality borrowers achieve greater credit capacity by providing lenders with valid signals of their financial status, while adjusting toward target debt levels over time and following the pecking order relationship in the short run.