Single ventricle patients undergoing comprehensive stage II palliation have higher incidence of severe acute kidney injury compared to the bidirectional Glenn palliation; however, the optimal method for early detection remains unknown. Several urinary biomarkers are increased in other patient populations with postoperative kidney injury. We explored the kinetics of these biomarkers in this high-risk population.

We conducted prospective, observational study of 20 patients with single ventricle physiology who underwent second stage palliation (July 2019–December 2021). Acute kidney injury was defined by Kidney Diseases Improving Global Guidelines, based on peak serum creatinine value and urine output. Urine samples were collected pre-operatively and at 1-, 6-, and 24-hours post-surgery. Urinary biomarkers neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, interleukin-18, liver fatty acid-binding protein, kidney injury molecule-1, and cystatin C were quantified by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, normalised to urinary creatinine, and shown as median [interquartile range].

Four patients (50%) undergoing comprehensive stage II and 1 patient (8%) undergoing bidirectional Glenn palliation developed stage ≥ 2 acute kidney injury. Comprehensive stage II compared to bidirectional Glenn group had higher median neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (1769 [1309–1961] versus 91[18–1120] ng/mg) and liver fatty acid-binding protein (12,836 [5016–19798] versus 1272 [220–5172] ng/mg) that peaked 1-hour post-surgery. Kidney injury molecule-1 was significantly greater at 1-, 6-, and 24-hours (greatest) post-surgery in comprehensive stage II than bidirectional Glenn (24h: 11[9–23]) versus 2 [1–6] ng/mg).

Elevated urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, liver fatty acid-binding protein, and kidney injury molecule-1 may be useful biomarkers for early detection of acute kidney injury in children following comprehensive stage II palliation.

Multicenter clinical trials are essential for evaluating interventions but often face significant challenges in study design, site coordination, participant recruitment, and regulatory compliance. To address these issues, the National Institutes of Health’s National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences established the Trial Innovation Network (TIN). The TIN offers a scientific consultation process, providing access to clinical trial and disease experts who provide input and recommendations throughout the trial’s duration, at no cost to investigators. This approach aims to improve trial design, accelerate implementation, foster interdisciplinary teamwork, and spur innovations that enhance multicenter trial quality and efficiency. The TIN leverages resources of the Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) program, complementing local capabilities at the investigator’s institution. The Initial Consultation process focuses on the study’s scientific premise, design, site development, recruitment and retention strategies, funding feasibility, and other support areas. As of 6/1/2024, the TIN has provided 431 Initial Consultations to increase efficiency and accelerate trial implementation by delivering customized support and tailored recommendations. Across a range of clinical trials, the TIN has developed standardized, streamlined, and adaptable processes. We describe these processes, provide operational metrics, and include a set of lessons learned for consideration by other trial support and innovation networks.

Recent changes to US research funding are having far-reaching consequences that imperil the integrity of science and the provision of care to vulnerable populations. Resisting these changes, the BJPsych Portfolio reaffirms its commitment to publishing mental science and advancing psychiatric knowledge that improves the mental health of one and all.

Objectives/Goals: The neighborhoods children grow up in are critical drivers of social, emotional, and cognitive development. This study utilized factor scores of environment, education, and socioeconomic variables in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) and its association with cognitive functioning in youth. Methods/Study Population: This study used ABCD (n  =  9,543) linked external data, cognitive performance, and self-reported data from youth (ages 9–10) and their caregivers. We utilized four factor scores of the Child Opportunity Index 2.0 (COI), including socioeconomic attainment, poverty, neighborhood enrichment, and child education. Furthermore, this study investigated the association between the COI factors and youth cognitive functioning via the NIH Toolbox. Covariates included age, sex, county level crime rates, perceptions of neighborhood threat, parent education, and family income; site and family relationship were held as random effects. Results/Anticipated Results: Increased Socioeconomic Attainment and Child Education factor scores were distinctly associated with increased cognitive performance across all subscales and composite scores that include aspects of overall cognitive ability, executive functioning, and learning and memory. Increased poverty factor scores were significantly associated with decreased cognitive performance across all substances and composite scores. Finally, increased neighborhood enrichment factor scores were significantly associated with increased oral reading recognition task scores only and no other cognitive task. Discussion/Significance of Impact: Findings suggest distinct dimensions of neighborhood opportunity associated with aspects of cognition. The present study can help to inform public health efforts and policy on improving modifiable built and natural environmental structures that may aid in supporting cognitive development.

Involving participants in the design of clinical trials should improve the overall success of a study. For this to occur, streamlined mechanisms are needed to connect the populations potentially impacted by a given study or health topic with research teams in order to inform trial design in a meaningful and timely manner. To address this need, we developed an innovative mechanism called the “ResearchMatch Expert Advice Tool” that quickly obtains volunteer perspectives from populations with specific health conditions or lived experiences using the national recruitment registry, ResearchMatch. This tool does not ask volunteers to participate in the trial but allows for wider community feedback to be gathered and translated into actionable recommendations used to inform the study’s design. We describe early use cases that shaped the current Expert Advice Tool workflow, how results from this tool were incorporated and implemented by studies, and feedback from volunteers and study teams regarding the tool’s usefulness. Additionally, we present a set of lessons learned during the development of the Expert Advice Tool that can be used by other recruitment registries seeking to obtain volunteer feedback on study design and operations.

Previous studies have shown that mothers of naturally conceived dizygotic (DZ) twins tend to be taller, older, and smoke more than mothers of naturally conceived monozygotic (MZ) twin and mothers of singletons. Here, we investigate whether mothers of naturally conceived DZ twins differ from mothers who conceived their DZ twins after medically assisted reproduction (MAR) in eight maternal traits related to fertility based on observational survey data. We include data from 33,648 mothers from the Netherlands Twin Register (NTR) and 1660 mothers of twins from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBA). We contrast mothers of naturally conceived DZ twins with mothers of MAR DZ twins. Next, we further segment the MAR group into mothers who underwent hormonal induction of ovulation but not in vitro fertilization (IVF) and those who IVF twins, comparing them both to each other and against the mothers of naturally conceived DZ twins. Mothers of naturally conceived DZ twins smoke more often, differ in body composition, have a higher maternal age and have more offspring before the twins than mothers of MZ twins. Compared to MAR DZ twin mothers, mothers of naturally conceived DZ twins have fewer miscarriages, lower maternal age and increased height, more offspring and are more often smokers. BMI before the twin pregnancy is similar in both natural and MAR DZ twin mothers. Mothers who received hormonal induction of ovulation (OI) have a lower maternal age, fewer miscarriages, and a higher number of offspring before their twin pregnancy than twin mothers who received IVF and/or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatments. Our study shows that twin mothers are a heterogenous group and the differences between twin mothers should be taken into account in epidemiological and genetic research that includes twins.

A series of chloro-alkylammonium montmorillonites was produced by cation exchange from Na+-montmorillonite. Gas chromatographic data were obtained for light hydrocarbons and certain oxides of nitrogen. Surface area and X-ray powder diffraction studies were made on each organo-clay, making possible differentiation between possible chromatographic pathways. Adsorption of the gas molecules on the silicate sheet was determined to be the dominant chromatographic pathway for all gases studied.

Housing is an environmental social determinant of health that is linked to mortality and clinical outcomes. We developed a lexicon of housing-related concepts and rule-based natural language processing methods for identifying these housing-related concepts within clinical text. We piloted our methods on several test cohorts: a synthetic cohort generated by ChatGPT for initial infrastructure testing, a cohort with substance use disorders (SUD), and a cohort diagnosed with problems related to housing and economic circumstances (HEC). Our methods successfully identified housing concepts in our ChatGPT notes (recall = 1.0, precision = 1.0), our SUD population (recall = 0.9798, precision = 0.9898), and our HEC population (recall = N/A, precision = 0.9160).

The effect of heat treatments on the total charge and water adsorption by Ca-, Na- and Li-saturated kaolinite was studied using extraction techniques and thermal gravimetric analysis, respectively. Measurements of cation exchange capacity indicated that the total charge of Li-kaolinite was reduced by approximately 50% after heating to 110 or 130°C. In contrast, the total charge of Ca-kaolinite remained essentially constant while that of Na-kaolinite decreased slightly. Water adsorption and desorption on Ca- and Li-kaolinite following heat treatments at 150°C were consistent with the total charge of the respective kaolinites. Ion extraction of Li-kaolinite using NH4C1 revealed that only 6% of the Li remained exchangeable after heating, while Al and H were released. Thus, non-exchangeable Li ions not only reduced the total charge of the kaolinite but also displaced Al and H from the kaolinite structure. Infrared spectroscopy also indicated that Li migrated into the kaolinite structure and replaced a portion of the Al from the octahedral sheet. The results presented here indicate that Li-kaolinite represents a surface of reduced charge rather than a surface free of cation-hydration effects. Therefore, Li-kaolinite is not recommended as a reference for the study of vapor-phase adsorption, and conclusions based on such a reference material should be reevaluated.

The name volkonskoite was first used in 1830 to describe a bright blue-green, chromiumbearing clay material from the Okhansk region, west of the Ural Mountains, U.S.S.R. Since that time, the name has been applied to numerous members of the smectite group of clay minerals, although the reported chromium content has ranged from 1% to about 30% Cr2O3. The name has also been applied to some chromian chlorites. Because volkonskoite has been used for materials that differ not only in their chromium content but also in their basic structure, the species status of the mineral has been unclear.

To resolve this uncertainty, two specimens of volkonskoite from (1) Mount Efimiatsk, the type locality in the Soviet Union (USNM 16308) and (2) the Okhansk region in the Perm Basin, U.S.S.R. (USNM R4820), were examined by several mineralogical techniques. Neotype sample 16308 has the following structural formula:

$({\text{Ca}}_{0.11}{\text{Mg}}_{0.11}{\text{Fe}}^{2+}{\hspace{0.17em}}_{0.03}{\text{K}}_{0.02})({\text{Cr}}_{1.18}{\text{Mg}}_{0.78}{\text{Fe}}^{3+}{\hspace{0.17em}}_{0.29}\text{Ca}{}_{0.02})({\text{Si}}_{3.50}{\text{Al}}_{0.51}){\text{O}}_{10}{(\text{OH})}_2\cdot 3.64{\text{H}}_2\text{O}.$

Sample R4820 has the following structural formula:

$({\text{Ca}}_{0.25}{\text{Mg}}_{0.05}{\text{Fe}}^{2+}{\hspace{0.17em}}_{0.01}{\text{K}}_{0.03}{\text{Mn}}_{0.01})({\text{Cr}}_{1.07}{\text{Mg}}_{0.75}{\text{Fe}}^{3+}{\hspace{0.17em}}_{0.35}({\text{Si}}_{3.59}{\text{Al}}_{0.43}){\text{O}}_{10}{(\text{OH})}_2\cdot 4.22{\text{H}}_2\text{O}.$

Mössbauer spectroscopy indicates that 91% and 98% of the iron is present as Fe3+ in samples 16308 and R4820, respectively. X-ray powder diffraction patterns of both samples have broad lines corresponding to minerals of the smectite group.

On the basis of these data, volkonskoite appears to be a dioctahedral member of the smectite group that contains chromium as the dominant cation in the octahedral layer. Smectites containing less than this amount of octahedral chromium should not be called volkonskoite, but should be named by chemical element adjectives, e.g., chromian montmorillonite, chromian nontronite.