We present the serendipitous radio-continuum discovery of a likely Galactic supernova remnant (SNR) G305.4–2.2. This object displays a remarkable circular symmetry in shape, making it one of the most circular Galactic SNRs known. Nicknamed Teleios due to its symmetry, it was detected in the new Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) Evolutionary Map of the Universe (EMU) radio–continuum images with an angular size of 1 320$^{\prime\prime}$$\times$1 260$^{\prime\prime}$ and PA = 0$^\circ$. While there is a hint of possible H$\alpha$ and gamma-ray emission, Teleios is exclusively seen at radio–continuum frequencies. Interestingly, Teleios is not only almost perfectly symmetric, but it also has one of the lowest surface brightnesses discovered among Galactic SNRs and a steep spectral index of $\alpha$=–0.6$\pm$0.3. Our best estimates from Hi studies and the $\Sigma$–D relation place Teleios as a type Ia SNR at a distance of either $\sim$2.2 kpc (near-side) or $\sim$7.7 kpc (far-side). This indicates two possible scenarios, either a young (under 1 000 yr) or a somewhat older SNR (over 10 000 yr). With a corresponding diameter of 14/48 pc, our evolutionary studies place Teleios at the either early or late Sedov phase, depending on the distance/diameter estimate. However, our modelling also predicts X-ray emission, which we do not see in the present generation of eROSITA images. We also explored a type Iax explosion scenario that would point to a much closer distance of $\lt$1 kpc and Teleios size of only $\sim$3.3 pc, which would be similar to the only known type Iax remnant SN1181. Unfortunately, all examined scenarios have their challenges, and no definitive Supernova (SN) origin type can be established at this stage. Remarkably, Teleios has retained its symmetrical shape as it aged even to such a diameter, suggesting expansion into a rarefied and isotropic ambient medium. The low radio surface brightness and the lack of pronounced polarisation can be explained by a high level of ambient rotation measure (RM), with the largest RM being observed at Teleios’s centre.

Despite an early surge in copper-ore mining during the sixth and fifth millennia BC (the ‘boom’), evidence for metal production in the Balkans dwindles in the fourth millennium (the ‘bust’). Here, the authors present new evidence for copper mining at Curak in south-west Serbia, c. 3800 cal BC, during this apparent downturn. By integrating field surveys, excavations and provenance analyses, they explore activity at the site, challenging the visibility bias in the archaeological record of this region for this key period. Rather than a societal collapse, the authors argue, fewer artefacts may instead reflect a widening Balkan sphere of influence.

Recent changes to US research funding are having far-reaching consequences that imperil the integrity of science and the provision of care to vulnerable populations. Resisting these changes, the BJPsych Portfolio reaffirms its commitment to publishing mental science and advancing psychiatric knowledge that improves the mental health of one and all.

Due to the rising occupancy of the radio spectrum, new strategies for covering the ever increasing amount of data are necessary. This work presents a system for integrating data transmission into a frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar by modulating the radar signal with frequency shift keying (FSK). The system offers a high chirp bandwidth of 5 GHz and uses the 60 GHz band. The FSK carrier frequency affects the noise level. A higher frequency leads to a lower noise floor due to 1/f-noise but requires a higher sampling rate. Therefore, 15 MHz was chosen as a compromise. A high data rate allows for a fast data transmission but requires a short chirp time, which leads to a noisier frequency chirp. The radar parameters are also affected by this choice. This leads to a baud rate of 20.8 kbit/s. With a higher order FSK, higher data rates are possible. This proves that the data transmission via FMCW radar signals is possible and a first choice if lower data rates are sufficient, because the hardware effort is comparatively low.

Objectives/Goals: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reports are stored as unstructured text in the electronic health record (EHR), rendering the data inaccessible. Large language models (LLM) are a new tool for analyzing and generating unstructured text. We aimed to evaluate how well an LLM extracts data from MRI reports compared to manually abstracted data. Methods/Study Population: The University of California, San Francisco has deployed a HIPAA-compliant internal LLM tool utilizing GPT-4 technology and approved for PHI use. We developed a detailed prompt instructing the LLM to extract data elements from prostate MRI reports and to output the results in a structured, computer-readable format. A data pipeline was built using the OpenAI Application Programming Interface (API) to automatically extract distinct data elements from the MRI report that are important in prostate cancer care. Each prompt was executed five times and data were compared with the modal responses to determine variability of responses. Accuracy was also assessed. Results/Anticipated Results: Across 424 prostate MRI reports, GPT-4 response accuracy was consistently above 95% for most parameters. Individual field accuracies were 98.3% (96.3–99.3%) for PSA density, 97.4% (95.4–98.7%) for extracapsular extension, 98.1% (96.3–99.2%) for TNM Stage, had an overall median of 98.1% (96.3–99.2%), a mean of 97.2% (95.2–98.3%), and a range of 99.8% (98.7–100.0%) to 87.7% (84.2–90.7%). Response variability over five repeated runs ranged from 0.14% to 3.61%, differed based on the data element extracted (p Discussion/Significance of Impact: GPT-4 was highly accurate in extracting data points from prostate cancer MRI reports with low upfront programming requirements. This represents an effective tool to expedite medical data extraction for clinical and research use cases.

Virtual reality (VR) for mental health promotion remains understudied in low-income humanitarian settings. We examined the effectiveness of VR in reducing depression with urban refugee youth in Kampala, Uganda. This randomized controlled trial assessed VR alone (Arm 1), VR followed by Group Problem Management Plus (GPM+) (Arm 2) and a control group (Arm 3), with a peer-driven and convenience sample of refugee youth aged 16–25 in Kampala. The primary outcome, depression, was measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Secondary outcomes included: mental health literacy, mental health stigma, self-compassion, mental well-being and adaptive coping. Analyses were conducted at three time points (baseline, 8 weeks, 16 weeks) using generalized estimating equations. Among participants (n = 335, mean age: 20.77, standard deviation: 3.01; cisgender women: n = 158, cisgender men: n = 173, transgender women: n = 4), we found no depression reductions for Arms 1 or 2 at 16 weeks compared with Arm 3. At 16 weeks, mental health literacy was significantly higher for Arm 2 compared with Arm 3, and self-compassion was significantly higher in Arm 1 and Arm 2 compared with Arm 3. VR alongside GPM+ may benefit self-compassion and MHL among urban refugee youth in Kampala, but these interventions were not effective in reducing depression.

The European Clozapine Task Force is a group of psychiatrists and pharmacologists practicing in 18 countries under European Medicines Agency (EMA) regulation, who are deeply concerned about the underuse of clozapine in European countries. Although clozapine is the most effective antipsychotic for people with treatment-resistant schizophrenia, a large proportion of them do not have access to this treatment. Concerns about clozapine-induced agranulocytosis and stringent blood monitoring rules are major barriers to clozapine prescribing and use. There is a growing body of evidence that the incidence of clozapine-induced agranulocytosis is very low after the first year of treatment. Maintaining lifelong monthly blood monitoring after this period contributes to unjustified discontinuation of clozapine. We leverage recent and replicated evidence on the long-term safety of clozapine to call for the revision and updating of the EMA’s blood monitoring rules, thus aiming to overcome this major barrier to clozapine prescribing and use. We believe the time has come for relaxing the rules without increasing the risks for people using clozapine in Europe.

Variations in stable oxygen isotopic compositions in sea ice provide information on environmental conditions during sea ice formation and also are important in understanding the regional and temporal aspects of the fresh water budget of the Arctic Ocean. We analyzed the oxygen isotope fractionation between sea ice and sea water using ice core and surface ocean samples obtained in a field study in the Lincoln Sea/Switchyard region of the Arctic Ocean. Using the Sea Ice Tracking Utility, we track the sea ice backward in time along drift trajectories, and use a simple model to calculate ice growth rates. Our results indicate that sea ice at the bottom of the floes that we sampled in the Switchyard Region grew within the past winter along a trajectory extending back to the North Pole. The effective fractionation coefficients from the bottom ice layers and the parent water mass are close to 2.11‰ with a standard error of ±0.06‰. Knowing this sea-ice oxygen isotope fractionation coefficient for high Arctic drifting ice is critical for use of equations for mass balance, salinity, oxygen isotopes and nutrients to calculate water mass fractions and sources to understand freshwater balance.

A least squares method is presented for fitting a given matrix A to another given matrix B under choice of an unknown rotation, an unknown translation, and an unknown central dilation. The procedure may be useful to investigators who wish to compare results obtained with nonmetric scaling techniques across samples or who wish to compare such results with those obtained by conventional factor analytic techniques on the same sample.

Bi-factor analysis is a form of confirmatory factor analysis originally introduced by Holzinger and Swineford (Psychometrika 47:41–54, 1937). The bi-factor model has a general factor, a number of group factors, and an explicit bi-factor structure. Jennrich and Bentler (Psychometrika 76:537–549, 2011) introduced an exploratory form of bi-factor analysis that does not require one to provide an explicit bi-factor structure a priori. They use exploratory factor analysis and a bifactor rotation criterion designed to produce a rotated loading matrix that has an approximate bi-factor structure. Among other things this can be used as an aid in finding an explicit bi-factor structure for use in a confirmatory bi-factor analysis. They considered only orthogonal rotation. The purpose of this paper is to consider oblique rotation and to compare it to orthogonal rotation. Because there are many more oblique rotations of an initial loading matrix than orthogonal rotations, one expects the oblique results to approximate a bi-factor structure better than orthogonal rotations and this is indeed the case. A surprising result arises when oblique bi-factor rotation methods are applied to ideal data.

Bi-factor analysis is a form of confirmatory factor analysis originally introduced by Holzinger. The bi-factor model has a general factor and a number of group factors. The purpose of this article is to introduce an exploratory form of bi-factor analysis. An advantage of using exploratory bi-factor analysis is that one need not provide a specific bi-factor model a priori. The result of an exploratory bi-factor analysis, however, can be used as an aid in defining a specific bi-factor model. Our exploratory bi-factor analysis is simply exploratory factor analysis using a bi-factor rotation criterion. This is a criterion designed to approximate perfect cluster structure in all but the first column of a rotated loading matrix. Examples are given to show how exploratory bi-factor analysis can be used with ideal and real data. The relation of exploratory bi-factor analysis to the Schmid–Leiman method is discussed.

This paper provides a generalization of the Procrustes problem in which the errors are weighted from the right, or the left, or both. The solution is achieved by having the orthogonality constraint on the transformation be in agreement with the norm of the least squares criterion. This general principle is discussed and illustrated by the mathematics of the weighted orthogonal Procrustes problem.

We present a re-discovery of G278.94+1.35a as possibly one of the largest known Galactic supernova remnants (SNRs) – that we name Diprotodon. While previously established as a Galactic SNR, Diprotodon is visible in our new Evolutionary Map of the Universe (EMU) and GaLactic and Extragalactic All-sky MWA (GLEAM) radio continuum images at an angular size of $3{{{{.\!^\circ}}}}33\times3{{{{.\!^\circ}}}}23$, much larger than previously measured. At the previously suggested distance of 2.7 kpc, this implies a diameter of 157$\times$152 pc. This size would qualify Diprotodon as the largest known SNR and pushes our estimates of SNR sizes to the upper limits. We investigate the environment in which the SNR is located and examine various scenarios that might explain such a large and relatively bright SNR appearance. We find that Diprotodon is most likely at a much closer distance of $\sim$1 kpc, implying its diameter is 58$\times$56 pc and it is in the radiative evolutionary phase. We also present a new Fermi-LAT data analysis that confirms the angular extent of the SNR in gamma rays. The origin of the high-energy emission remains somewhat puzzling, and the scenarios we explore reveal new puzzles, given this unexpected and unique observation of a seemingly evolved SNR having a hard GeV spectrum with no breaks. We explore both leptonic and hadronic scenarios, as well as the possibility that the high-energy emission arises from the leftover particle population of a historic pulsar wind nebula.