There is a growing focus on understanding the complexity of dietary patterns and how they relate to health and other factors. Approaches that have not traditionally been applied to characterise dietary patterns, such as latent class analysis and machine learning algorithms, may offer opportunities to characterise dietary patterns in greater depth than previously considered. However, there has not been a formal examination of how this wide range of approaches has been applied to characterise dietary patterns. This scoping review synthesised literature from 2005 to 2022 applying methods not traditionally used to characterise dietary patterns, referred to as novel methods. MEDLINE, CINAHL and Scopus were searched using keywords including latent class analysis, machine learning and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator. Of 5274 records identified, 24 met the inclusion criteria. Twelve of twenty-four articles were published since 2020. Studies were conducted across seventeen countries. Nine studies used approaches with applications in machine learning, such as classification models, neural networks and probabilistic graphical models, to identify dietary patterns. The remaining studies applied methods such as latent class analysis, mutual information and treelet transform. Fourteen studies assessed associations between dietary patterns characterised using novel methods and health outcomes, including cancer, cardiovascular disease and asthma. There was wide variation in the methods applied to characterise dietary patterns and in how these methods were described. The extension of reporting guidelines and quality appraisal tools relevant to nutrition research to consider specific features of novel methods may facilitate consistent reporting and enable synthesis to inform policies and programs.

The effect of acid type and concentration on the reaction rate and products of dissolution of hectorite in inorganic acids was investigated. The dissolution of hectorite in hydrochloric (HCl), nitric (HNO3) and sulphuric (H2SO4) acids was characterized using quantitative chemical analysis, infrared (IR) and multinuclear MAS NMR spectroscopies. The rate of dissolution increased with acid concentration and decreased in the order HCl ≥ HNO3 = H2SO4 at the same molar concentration. No differences were found in the reaction products of hectorite treated with the three acids. The rate of Li dissolution was slightly greater than that of Mg at lesser acid concentrations (0.25 M), indicating that protons preferentially attack Li octahedra. The gradual changes in the Si-O IR bands reflects the extent of hectorite dissolution. The analysis of 29Si MAS NMR spectra relative peak intensities with dissolution time and acid concentration provided direct dissolution rates for tetrahedral (Q3) Si. After acid dissolution, most Si was bound in a three dimensional framework site (Q4), but a substantial part also occurred in the Si(OSi)3OH (Q31OH) and Si(OSi)2(OH)2 (Q220H) environments. These three sites probably occur in a hydrous amorphous silica phase. Both AlJV and AlVt rapidly disappeared from 27Al MAS NMR spectra of the dissolution products with acid treatment. The changes in IR and MAS NMR spectra of hectorite due to acid dissolution are similar to those of montmorillonite.

The entrainment of fluid across a sheared density interface has been examined experimentally in a purging cavity flow. In this flow, a long straight cavity with sloped entry and exit boundaries is located in the base of a straight open channel. Dense cavity fluid is entrained from the cavity into the turbulent overflow. The cavity geometry has been designed to ensure there is no separation of the overflow in the cavity region, with the goal of avoiding cavity-specific entrainment mechanisms as have been encountered in most previous experiments using similar arrangements. Results are obtained over a bulk Richardson number range $Ri_{b}=g\unicode[STIX]{x0394}\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}D/\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{0}U_{b}^{2}=1$ to 19, where $D$ and $U_{b}$ are the depth of the mixed layer and bulk velocity in the cavity, respectively. The experiments cover the Reynolds number range $Re=U_{b}D/\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}=7100$ to 15 100 and interface length to mixed layer depth ratios of 2.4 to 16. Particle image velocimetry and laser induced fluorescence measurements indicate the flow regime over this entire range is one dominated by the Holmboe wave instability. The non-dimensional entrainment rate, $E=u_{e}/U_{b}$ , is shown to scale with the bulk Richardson number. We find that the entrainment scaling $E=CRi_{b}^{-1.38}$ applies over the entire experimental range, with no apparent dependence on interface length. The exponent in the scaling is similar to previous non-cavity-based sheared interface flows, however, the constant $C$ is up to an order of magnitude smaller. Close agreement is, however, obtained by instead correlating entrainment with the local gradient Richardson number centred on the interface, rather than bulk quantities. We obtain $E=0.0021Ri_{g}^{-0.63}$ for data over $10<Ri_{g}<50$ , where $Ri_{g}=\langle g\unicode[STIX]{x2202}\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{0}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}z\rangle /\langle (\unicode[STIX]{x2202}U/\unicode[STIX]{x2202}z)^{2}\rangle$ . The density interface is much thinner and therefore more stable in the present flow configuration compared with other published results for the same bulk Richardson number. We suggest that our configuration ensures a sharp mixing layer profile at the upstream end of the cavity even at relatively low bulk Richardson numbers of $Ri_{b}=1$ and that the reduced mixing in the Holmboe wave regime allows the interface to retain its sharp character over the cavity length, resulting in weak sensitivity to cavity length.

Paratuberculosis is a chronic disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). It occurs worldwide and causes a significant loss in the animal production industry. There is no cure for MAP infection and vaccination is problematic. Identification of genetics of susceptibility could be a useful adjunct for programs that focus on management, testing and culling of diseased animals. A case-control, genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using Holstein and Jersey cattle in a combined analysis in order to identify markers and chromosomal regions associated with susceptibility to MAP infection across-breed. A mixed-model method (GRAMMAR-GC) implemented in the GenABEL R package and a Bayes C analysis implemented in GenSel software were used as alternative approaches to conduct GWAS analysis focused on single SNPs and chromosomal segments, respectively. After conducting quality control, 22 406 SNPs from 2157 individuals were available for the GRAMMAR-GC (Bayes C) analysis and 45 640 SNPs from 2199 individuals were available for the Bayes C analysis. One SNP located on BTA27 (8·6 Mb) was identified as moderately associated (P < 5 × 10−5, FDR = 0·44) in the GRAMMAR-GC analysis of the combined breed data. Nine 1 Mb windows located on BTA 2, 3 (3 windows), 6, 8, 25, 27 and 29 each explained ≥1% of the total proportion of genetic variance in the Bayes C analysis. In an analysis ignoring differences in linkage phase, two moderately significantly associated SNPs were identified; ARS-BFGL-NGS-19381 on BTA23 (32 Mb) and Hapmap40994-BTA-46361 on BTA19 (61 Mb). New common genomic regions and candidate genes have been identified from the across-breed analysis that might be involved in the immune response and susceptibility to MAP infection.

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of turbulent stratified flow in an open channel with an internal heat source following the Beer–Lambert law from the surface are used to investigate the transition from neutral to strongly stable flow. Our buoyancy bulk parameter is defined through the ratio of the domain height ${\it\delta}$ to $\mathscr{L}$ , a bulk Obukhov length scale for the flow. We cover the range ${\it\lambda}={\it\delta}/\mathscr{L}=0{-}2.0$ , from neutral conditions to the onset of the stable regime, with the Reynolds number range $Re_{{\it\tau}}=200{-}800$ , at a Prandtl number of 0.71. The result is a boundary layer flow where the effects of stratification are weak in the wall region but progressively stronger in the outer layer up to the free surface. At ${\it\lambda}\simeq 1$ the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budget is in local equilibrium over a region extending from the near-wall region to a free-surface affected region a distance $l_{{\it\nu}}$ from the surface, with $l_{{\it\nu}}/{\it\delta}\sim Re^{-1/2}$ . In this equilibrium region the flow can be characterised by the flux Richardson number $R_{f}$ and the local Obukhov length scale ${\it\Lambda}$ . At higher ${\it\lambda}$ local mixing limit conditions are observed over an extended region. At ${\it\lambda}=2$ the flux Richardson number approaches critical limit values of $R_{f,c}\simeq 0.18$ and gradient Richardson number $Ri_{c}\simeq 0.2$ . At high ${\it\lambda}$ , we obtain a flow field where buoyancy interacts with the smallest scales of motion and the turbulent shear stress and buoyancy flux are suppressed to molecular levels. We find that this regime can be identified in terms of the parameter $Re_{\mathscr{L},c}=\mathscr{L}u_{{\it\tau}}/{\it\nu}\lesssim 200{-}400$ (where $u_{{\it\tau}}$ is the friction velocity and ${\it\nu}$ the kinematic viscosity), which is related to the $L_{\ast }$ parameter of Flores and Riley (Boundary-Layer Meteorol., vol. 139 (2), 2011, pp. 241–259) and buoyancy Reynolds number $\mathscr{R}$ . With energetic equilibrium attained, the local buoyancy Reynolds number, $Re_{{\it\Lambda}}={\it\Lambda}\langle u^{\prime }w^{\prime }\rangle ^{1/2}/{\it\nu}$ , is directly related to the separation of the Ozmidov ( $l_{O}$ ) and Kolmogorov ( ${\it\eta}$ ) length scales in the outer boundary layer by $Re_{{\it\Lambda}}\simeq \mathscr{R}\equiv (l_{O}/{\it\eta})^{4/3}$ . The inner wall region has the behaviour $\mathscr{R}\sim Re_{\mathscr{L}}Re_{{\it\tau}}$ , in contrast to stratified boundary layer flows where the buoyancy flux is non-zero at the wall and $\mathscr{R}\sim Re_{\mathscr{L}}$ .

This study considers the convective-type instability of the near-field flow of a planar, pure thermal plume with a finite area source. Previous studies revealed the existence of an off-axis thermal boundary-layer instability, driving a puffing instability in the central ascending column, and qualitatively showed correlations between instabilities in these two flow regions. This paper extends the analysis to examine the effect of Prandtl number on transitional near-field behaviours and reports on the stability characteristics of a near-field, pure thermal plume based on a direct stability analysis. The variations in flow behaviours in response to symmetric and asymmetric disturbances suggest the existence of coupled instability mechanisms in the off-axis thermal boundary layer and the central ascending column.

Numerical evidence is presented for previously unreported flow behaviour in a two-dimensional rectangular side-heated cavity partitioned in the centre by vertical wall with an infinite conductivity. In this flow heat is transferred between both sides of the cavity through the conducting wall with natural convection boundary layers forming on all vertical surfaces. Simulations have been conducted over the range of Rayleigh numbers at Prandtl number and at aspect ratios of where and are the height and width of the cavity. It was found that the thermal coupling of the boundary layers on either side of the conducting partition causes the cavity flow to become absolutely unstable for a Rayleigh number at which otherwise similar non-partitioned cavity flow is steady but convectively unstable. Additionally, unlike the non-partitioned cavity, which eventually bifurcates to a multi-modal oscillatory regime, this bifurcation is manifested as a single mode oscillation with , where is the temperature difference between the hot and cold walls, is the gravitational acceleration, is the oscillation frequency and and are the fluid viscosity and coefficient of thermal expansion respectively. The critical Rayleigh number for this transition occurs between for and for , indicating that the instability has an aspect ratio dependence.

The Business Meeting of Commission 45 was held on 16 August 2006. It was attended by the president and vice-president of the Commission as well as by twenty other members of the Commission. Attendance was limited, as usual, by the unavoidable occurrence of parallel sessions.

We present the results of two imaging surveys for companions to low-luminosity dwarfs, one with Keck to a limiting magnitude of K = 20, and the other with HST to a limiting magnitude of I = 23. No companions were found at separations of 0″.5 to 20″.0, but seven companions were found within 0″.5. Based on sub-stellar evolutionary models, we estimate the companion detection efficiency as a function of mass ratio. This modeling, coupled with the data, place strong upper limits on the mass ratios of unobserved companions. We conclude that no companions exist in the optimal sensitivity regions of both surveys for q > 0.85 (HST), and q > 0.4 (Keck).

To understand the properties of light-sensitive compounds used in optical limiters having photoinduced charge transfer mechanisms, we have investigated the photophysics of a series of di(2-thienyl-3,4–butyl)polyenes. Spectroscopic measurements were obtained as a function of the number of double bonds(n = 1–8). From analysis of the bandshape of the emission spectra, we found evidence of vibronic coupling between the S1 and S2 excited states. The degree of coupling increased with solvents of high refractive index. The appearance of the cis band in absorption spectra of dithienyl polyenes having 6–8 double bonds suggested equilibria between scis and s-trans conformors. The cis band intensity increased in lower polarity solvents, implying solvent-induced conformation changes in these dyes. Trends in the data reflected the ordering, energy gap between and mixing of 1Bu * and 1Ag * excited state configurations.