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This chapter explores the social and cultural setting of Mulligans Flat Woodland Sanctuary (MFWS) from a historical and local community perspective. It draws on archival research about Indigenous management and early European land uses and explores social meanings, experience and practices through semi-structured interviews with local residents, participatory observation of community stewardship groups and action research that involved staging community engagement events in the Sanctuary.
Insights that emerged from this study show the MFWS is highly valued by urban neighbours as a place for passive recreation and nature immersion, and there are opportunities to expand local learning about the ecological values and research. Understanding the social and cultural meanings of the MFWS provides the foundation to design community outreach and education programmes that nurture this place attachment and provide pathways to environmental care. A suite of key messages is provided to help guide these engagement programmes at the Wildbark Learning Centre.
The first half of this chapter explores the linguistic means by which Twa tell their story. By mobilising linguistic resources, they are challenging their continued exclusion under the charge of ‘mind-set’ problems and are attempting to renegotiate the social constructs that govern the position of Batwa in Rwandan society. As such, the language practice of contradiction is read as an assertion by Twa of their full membership in society and a demand for equal care. The second half of the chapter locates the Rwandan state as the key mediator of global life for Rwanda’s Twa, translating global ordering narratives into the everyday. The state makes use of the development narrative, refracting it through the prism of national unity, to offer Twa an attractive and accessible vision of a non-fragmented modern Rwandan subject.
This chapter explores the construction of Twa as global development subjects within the Rwandan context and asks how they position themselves within that landscape, formed by the intersection of the global development narrative and Rwanda’s unity and reconciliation agenda. This chapter interrogates the state’s development narrative in the context of the global development discourse and examines its ability to offer a believable and accessible vision of progress. The Twa in our study push back against the de-politicising effect of development and its processes, whereby the emphasis is placed on the individual and their mind-set. However, they do so not to emphasise their ethnic apartness but to assert their right to the attributes of Rwandanness, notably land. Their answer is thus not to refuse to participate in the modern Rwanda but actively to seek it by demanding equal care.
This concluding chapter considers how we as editors approach the anthropology of death from varied positions and histories of engagement. We reflect on how individually we have studied – and, in Ruth Toulson’s case, practiced – alongside deathcare workers, from morticians and funeral home directors to pathologists and forensic scientists; how we have examined traces of death and dying through archives and testimonial evidence; and how we have learned of the rites of the dead from surviving families and mourners, the needs of the living, and the social worlds that bind the two together. Our aim is not to wrap up the preceding chapters with any neat bow, but to reflect on what this field has meant to us individually as scholars and as people who have experienced the death of loved ones and thought deeply about the meaning of those losses. Finally, we reinforce one of the volume’s key arguments – that the anthropological study of death is one of studying processes and contexts of being with the dead. Taken together, this Handbook’s compilation of chapters underscore why death matters in new and urgent ways beyond concerns of just human life.
Women who prepared food for enslaved people, rather than enslavers, have been neglected in historical scholarship. Their labor within the quarters has been marginalized, belittled, and even ignored, because it fell within the remit of gendered care and nurture. In this book, Emily West illustrates how these mostly older women performed vital roles in slaveholding sites, as their enslavers increasingly tried to regulate food distribution, preparation, and consumption. Enslavers attempted to impose highly efficient, communal food regimes to minimize waste and time lost from work elsewhere. They routinely tasked older women with the feeding and care of infants, but also deployed them to prepare food for children and enslaved adults to eat collectively. Conversely, in the relative privacy of the quarters, where enslaved people preferred to eat, cooking became both a form of gendered exploitation, and an expression of love, empowerment, and pleasure.
The proliferation of information and communication technologies in US archaeology has created myriad expectations for professional labor throughout the life cycle of data. Technological adoption has outpaced the development of professional and ethical frameworks, leaving archaeological data labor unsustainable in our under-resourced discipline. This article reviews traditional Western paradigms underpinning legal and intellectual property models that have shaped archaeological data standards and contribute to problematic outcomes for archaeological data labor, alienate publics from primary data of publicly mandated heritage preservation, disregard Indigenous Data Sovereignty, and enable the extractive commodification of heritage for AI enterprises. To address these tensions, archaeologists must reshape data labor and its products by centering public goods and Indigenous rights in all aspects of their work. As scientific and cultural professionals, archaeologists should embrace best practices in data ecosystems to create, guide, and enforce governance principles that inform and promote labor sustainability and accountability. This article illuminates the current state of archaeological data labor across the discipline through a critical review of policies, legislation, and ethics surrounding data governance (e.g., CARE, FAIR, and the US OPEN Government Data Act) and describes how archaeologists can integrate these efforts into technological initiatives across the full spectrum of archaeological practice.
Biomaterial design is often celebrated as a sustainable alternative to industrial material production, promising to replace extractive processes. Yet, this vision sits uneasily beside critiques that see it reproducing extractive logics through the instrumentalisation of living systems. Drawing on ethnographic research among UK-based biomaterial designers, this paper examines how relationships between biomaterial designers and organisms are lived, negotiated, and ethically charged in practice. It argues that care, far from resolving tensions of exploitation, functions as a mechanism through which hierarchies of value are stabilised, justified, and sometimes unsettled. Through practices of growing, attuning to, and killing organisms, biomaterial designers cultivate what Donna Haraway (2008) calls non-innocent care: an engagement that acknowledges complicity in harm while sustaining responsiveness to more‑than‑human worlds. Attending to these ambivalent, affective, and creative entanglements reveals how care in biodesign operates simultaneously as an ethical aspiration, a condition of production, and a site where ecological promise and capitalist value production intertwine unevenly.
Mental healthcare respecting human rights is a worldwide need, yet research into practices that support such rights is limited. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2006 and the United Nations Resolution on mental health and psychosocial support, 2023 each heighten the urgency and the legal, as well as moral, social, political and other obligations to improve the quality of mental healthcare and respect human rights worldwide. It is useful to be specific about the actions to be taken, as done in recent programmes by the World Psychiatric Association and the World Health Organization. The work requires partnerships at all levels, from global to local, among healthcare professionals, people with lived experience and their families, communities and policy-makers. We present a themed series of papers developed in two parts: one related to principles of human rights-based mental healthcare; the other to assessment, policy and actions needed for tackling the implementation gap.
Human-Centered Design focuses on individuals who struggle to grasp the relational aspects crucial in designing for care. This proposes a relational framework that visualizes the relational expectation misalignments between stakeholders’ perceptions. We extend the Theory of Planned Behavior to model dyadic care relationships. Expert interviews and autoethnographic analysis evaluated the model. Our findings reveal two layers of misalignments: the model’s ability to describe the structure of conflict and its potential as a reflective tool for stakeholders to resolve conflicts.
Gender data gaps in the United Kingdom are political choices that reflect deeper assumptions about whose labour, lives, and experiences are deemed worth measuring. This paper examines the strengths and limitations of the UK census for bridging these gaps, drawing on feminist participatory action research with 170 participants across 12 workshops in England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Participants comprised representatives from local government, women’s and non-profit organisations, academia, and unaffiliated individuals with varying statistical skills. Through co-produced inquiry, participants identified critical gender data gaps and questioned the political and epistemological assumptions embedded in census design. We find that while the UK census provide comprehensive disaggregated multivariate data at the local level, they systematically omit critical dimensions of gendered life, including income, unpaid childcare, and occupational segregation. Drawing on Fricker’s (2007) concept of epistemic injustice, we argue that these omissions are not incidental but structural: the census lacks the conceptual framework to recognise them as dimensions worth counting. Realising the census’s potential for feminist analysis, therefore, requires deliberate reshaping of data systems and practices.Crucially, we demonstrate that involving those affected by gender data gaps as co-analysts, rather than consultation subjects, surfaces blind spots and analytical priorities that academic or statistical institutions are unlikely to identify from within, making the case for embedding participatory mechanisms in how official statistics are designed, produced, and used. The paper concludes with four user-informed recommendations for census reform and the wider reimagining of UK gender data systems.
This paper draws on feminist disability scholarship on care to examine the figure of a sacrificial mother located within the moral unit of family, which is identified as central to the public discourse of disability around the Kasargod-endosulfan episode. It is an instance of pesticide poisoning that resulted in the acquisition of disabilities by the populations living in the region. The paper argues that the figure of the sacrificial mother who forsakes her job and social life is discursively constructed by feminised notions of care, absence of formal care structures, and the state’s imagination of care as a packageable/givable product. Caregiving has often been thought of as a linear process or mobilised as a moral force to organise familial structures or care containments. By reflecting on the ethnographic fieldnotes and interviews with mothers of endosulfan-affected people at a private care home in the Indian state of Kerala, the study attempts to locate ways in which disability-care destabilises these containments. It also deliberates on the possibilities of socialities and solidarities enabled by disability-care, forming newer spatialities.
Chapter 4 examines local concepts of right(s), dissecting the ways in which brokering and begging were viewed as charitable compensations for the lack of government protection for disabled people, but claimed by the recipients as forms of work. Aspiring to have their activities recognised as rights, they spoke a local language of entitlement that conflated the value of independent work with the ethical and political right to care, asserting obligatory rights or taxes, against the donors’ perception of gifts. The language of ‘rights’ is a space of mutual evaluation, a rich and powerful language for discussing issues of inequality, membership, personhood, welfare, and power in Kinshasa today. It is perhaps most significant as a claim for distribution than as a legal premise of entitlements. Here, the question of a rightful share becomes pertinent, as givers and receivers evoked differing views on the same transaction that expressed contradictory aspirations and values. In the absence of formal institutions to enforce informal disability privileges, people had to recognise the right to be beggars or brokers on an interpersonal level, requiring constant value tests on whether claims to assistance were legitimate. The chapter thus disrupts the classic Maussian focus on giving and production to consider the moral and political controversies associated with asking and distribution.
Completing the arc from the desire to assert membership and rights as an handicapé, the final chapter considers how disabled Kinois turned away from this identity to pursue one of becoming a responsable, someone ‘responsible [for others]’. While controversial, begging and brokering gave access to hard-won economic resources that made it possible to have and care for children. Aspiring to such responsibilities, disabled people showed that integrating economic and social values was both means and ends. By successfully fulfilling the responsibilities of parenthood – the comparatively stable, higher value of social respectability that was once considered impossible for disabled people to achieve – they sought to become ‘valuable people’ (batu ya valeur). Claiming full adult personhood, they both conformed to and transformed the measurement of this highest regime of personhood, enjoining a debate over whether it is good to have many or fewer, well-supported children. Between action and aspiration, a testing and critiquing disposition towards value demonstrates how the extraordinary livelihood strategies of disabled people in the margins of urban society may be a most productive stage from which to examine the emerging debates about what is, or should be, good in society.
This Element investigates how playwrights can employ text-based strategies to facilitate audience participation in performance. It looks to contemporary discourse in the field of applied theatre to suggest principles the creator of a participatory work may employ to support the creation of a performance text which invites, and is responsive to, contributions from the audience. This Element offers analysis of works by playwrights Tim Crouch, Nassim Soleimanpour, Hannah Jane Walker and Chris Thorpe, all of whom experiment with text-based modalities to position the audience as co-creators in performance. It offers the insights gained from the author through their own experience of writing and staging a participatory performance. This Element draws upon ideas on care, relationality and affect to propose a care-centred model of playwriting which fosters an inclusive and accessible experience of co-creation in performance.
Over the years, and at the margin of psychology, there have been interesting and original lines of reflections on ageing based on careful observations of older people’s lives in their environment. First, the environment came to the fore in approaches developed in dialogue with geography, which started to apprehend it as a landscape of care. Second, ethnographies of ageing gave in-depth understanding of development in age in more or less supportive, more or less formal environments. Third, psychoanalysis developed its reflection on ageing as it saw its steady change. It has theorised the specificities of the ageing psyche, while showing its multiple determinations. Put together, these three lines of studies pave the way for a rich, case-study based approach to development in older age, where people are understood as deeply related to the evolving environments in which they live.
Avoiding the normative language of ’successful’ or ’positive’ ageing, this book suggests that the quality of life of older persons is related to whether they can pursue their engagements, maintain the social relationships they find suitable and find a satisfying evolution of their dynamic patterns while supporting an orientation to the future. This chapter suggests that a changing landscape of care is likely to constitute a landscape of affordances for older persons, from which they can draw resources to support their development. It then reflects on the issues of moving house as part of the dynamics of ageing in place; moving may actually be part of developmental dynamics. This leads to the question of the right place to age and the timing of moving. The chapter further highlights the many shapes that living in place can take; finally, the chapter concludes with a series of recommendations.
This article discusses the musical engagement of disabled people given recent scholarship in care ethics. It considers how terms used to describe them frame the relational aspects of care. Possibilities and challenges are examined for caring relationships in music teaching that involve: inclusive practice; vulnerabilities; reframing it towards reciprocal care; and the dangers of “benign neglect”. Hel’s “distributive justice” is also considered. The article concludes that disabled insiders’ authentic experiences might best serve as a platform for appropriate resources, policies and music education practices.
This article explores how predictions about future nanotechnological and neuropharmaceutical applications to medicine further anti-ageing discourse in the present. Products of both research areas enable physiological augmentation, with uses way beyond accepted traditional goals of medicine. But most “nanodreams” have not come to fruition, yet; as such, much popular scientific writing about nanotechnology is “thoroughly science-fictional” in how it imagines its future. Projections about these technologies contribute to devaluing the ageing experience and neglecting the need to address challenges of ageing in the present. To make these points, this article will read two speculative texts alongside one another: a piece of creative science fiction and a predictive popular science account. Ray Kurzweil’s How to Create a Mind propagates brain–computer interfaces, and Jeffrey Moore’s The Memory Artists deals with neuropharmaceuticals. Such parallel reading risks conflating different genres, narrative forms and contexts, obfuscating the purpose and possibilities of either genre. But it helps illustrate how ideas of an augmented human species have begun structuring social belief systems that shine through creative writing that joins in pitching, rather than effectively critiquing, these technologies as holding the fountain of youth.
In light of progressive criticism of the managerial ‘expert’ logic dominant in the development field, the article analyses how international organizations (IOs) increasingly seek to pluralize their knowledge by adding to their toolkit certain territory-based elements of participatory approaches to data, especially from the Global South. It examines how such attempts to pluralize IOs’ expertise translate in practice, by focusing on the localization processes of the UN 2030 Agenda in six peripheral communities in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, that is, their development of territory-based targets and indicators for the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. The article contrasts these local practices with UN expert agencies’ approaches to data disaggregation. This comparison shows how datafying tools and processes may vary considerably, indicating important epistemological differences in how knowledge gets validated, with impacts regarding visibility and accountability. The territory-based practices analysed defy authorized forms of knowledge by making data not only for monitoring or for action but also for caring and for making live. The article concludes that localization gives the impression that IOs’ knowledge is becoming more plural, yet these changes remain at the surface only, with other knowledges becoming parts of standardized templates and merely complementing official data.
Paternalistic interference in an older person’s choices or actions appears to relegate the needs, values, and interests of that person as less valuable than the judgement of others about what is in the older person’s interests. For relational egalitarians, concerned to promote a society in which people stand in democratic relations of equality, paternalism prima facie undermines relational equality. This chapter draws on exploration of the sources of older people’s vulnerability and dependence on others for care, to better understand when and why paternalistic interference is objectionable. Objectionable paternalistic interference, on my view, occurs where it is either an effect of social relations of domination and oppression that prevent people from having their needs met without autonomy-undermining interference or it creates the conditions under which domination, exploitation, and oppression flourish, generating pathogenic vulnerabilities, including the risk of the person being denied the services they require to meet their needs.