The chapter analyzes the history of the first Pentecostals in Puerto Rico through the memoir of Juan L. Lugo. This document, published by Lugo circa 1950, recounts his memories as an immigrant in Hawaii, his initial experience with Pentecostal faith, and details his eventual development as a minister ordained by the council of The Assemblies of God Church in the United States. Based on his account, this chapter will address several historiographical considerations about the relationship between forced migration and the exponential growth of Pentecostal movements, particularly in the transition from the nineteenth century to the first decades of the twentieth. It is no coincidence that this religious current found fertile ground among the most vulnerable and marginalized populations. As such, the socioeconomic and political panorama in which the birth of Pentecostalism in Puerto Rico took place will also be explained. Finally, the discursive and doctrinal trends emblematic of the founding period of Pentecostalism on the island will be highlighted.

Five: I address the cormorant as an unwelcome immigrant, an indigenous bird treated as an invasive species. I reflect on the associations of the cormorant with human migration and on the historical tendency for people to shoot cormorants on church roofs. I then turn to the myth of the invasive starling in the United States to examine the overlap between objections to human immigrants and objections to birds and animals; and I consider the European cultural tendency to look to the east for the source of such ‘invasions’, offering an analysis of the claim promoted by elements in the fishing industry that the inland subspecies of the European cormorant is an ‘alien’, ‘Chinese’ invader that should be exterminated. I conclude with an account of a sketch by German comedian Gerhard Polt fiercely satirising his fellow Bavarians’ objections to the migration both of cormorants and of Muslims.

Much has been written about Maltese and its transformation into a language in its own right, both through external contact with other languages and due to internal factors. Less has been said about the English of Malta. In spite of regular criticism from purists, Maltese English has started to be regarded as a variety, distinct from others. This chapter examines the complex plurilinguistic context within which the variety has emerged and continues to flourish. It demonstrates how the socio-political context provided perfect conditions for the establishment of English as the de facto second language of Malta. Extensive use of English in different domains has also contributed to shaping the local variety in distinct ways to reflect the needs of the community (or subsets thereof) it serves. The chapter also outlines some of the more salient characteristics of the variety, in terms of pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary, meaning and discourse.

This chapter considers the recent history of spoken London English, from the latter half of the nineteenth century to the present. Focusing on the variety furthest from the standard, the chapter begins with an overview of the traditional dialect of Cockney, prevalent in London at the beginning of this period and associated with the densely populated, working-class neighbourhoods of the ‘East End’ of London. It then considers important socio-historical and demographic changes that have taken place in London since the mid twentieth century and that have had linguistic consequences. In the final sections, the focus shifts to two large-scale sociolinguistic studies conducted between 2004 and 2010 and describes the emergence and characteristics of Multicultural London English (MLE), arising as a result of language contact and group second language acquisition. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the role that language attitudes may play in the entrenchment of this new urban London English vernacular.

This chapter discusses lexical, phonological and morphosyntactic features of Northern Irish English, tracing their origins in dialects of English and Scots as well as Irish, and untangling some of the processes that resulted in specifically Northern Irish varieties of English which are separate from those in the south of Ireland. It also explores in detail a number of phonological and morphosyntactic features, differentiating between rural and urban forms of English in the province of Ulster. A distinction is also made between Ulster Scots, the heritage forms of English deriving from the original seventeenth-century settlers from Scotland, and Ulster English, which goes back to varieties taken by English settlers, largely from the north and north-west of England, to more central parts of Ulster. The sociolinguistic integration of recent immigrants to Ulster is also reviewed.

This chapter explores the complex interaction between (human) migration and terrorism. It proposes a ‘terrorism-migration cycle’ to investigate systematically this interaction for various stages of the migration process. Importantly, no stage of the migration process is independent of what happened on the previous stage, affecting how terrorism and migration interact. It is shown that terrorism may be a trigger of migration in the origin country, that only particular selections of migrants choose to leave a country, and that these migrants then sort into different destinations. The role of migration governance as a means to avoid the influx of potential terrorists is explored as well as the responses of destination-country populations and governments to the threat of imported terrorism. In addition, homegrown terrorism produced in immigrant communities is discussed as well as political violence directed against immigrants. Finally, it is argued that there are feedback effects from diasporas on the origin countries of immigrants.

Chapter Five delves into one of the major aspects of the Ottoman response to Safavid actions and actors, in both ideological and practical realms: encouraging migration from Safavid lands. Examining numerous cases involving both well-known and lesser-known individuals and groups who were receptive to the Ottoman invitation, this chapter addresses two key questions. (1) To what extent and how did Istanbul and its agents actively strive to directly engage with Safavid subjects, especially as a response to ongoing Safavid propaganda within Ottoman territories and its resonance among local sympathizers? (2) To what extent did Safavid immigrants contribute to the evolution, articulation, and dissemination of an official narrative that increasingly leaned toward a pro-Sunni and anti-Qizilbash/Shiʿi/Safavid stance in the sixteenth century? From the perspective of the Ottoman state, communication with Safavid subjects counteracted the Safavid court’s efforts to garner sympathy and support for its ideological agenda in Ottoman territory. From the viewpoint of Safavid subjects, this communication represented a significant avenue by which they hoped to alleviate the political, religious, or financial challenges they faced under Safavid rule in Iran.

Chapter Four explores the politics of sectarianism and statecraft within the context of the triangular relationship among the Ottoman state, the Safavid state, and the Qizilbash communities situated between them. The chapter examines how the Ottoman state and its Qizilbash subjects devised diverse strategies to navigate their religious sensitivities, sociopolitical realities, and fiscal imperatives. A new set of questions is introduced to challenge the prevailing notion that the relationship between the “Sunni Ottoman” state and its “non-Sunni Qizilbash” subjects was inherently irreconcilable and characterized by continuous persecution of these supposedly powerless, defenseless religious nonconformists. It reveals the existence of a range of policies and approaches adopted by the Ottoman state, from providing financial support to establishing quid pro quo arrangements, from accommodating Qizilbash subjects to resorting to surveillance and heavy-handed suppression and persecution of the very same populations. The chapter emphasizes that the Ottoman Qizilbash, as significant powerholders during this period, exerted their influence not only through practices of conversion and reconversion but also through negotiation, migration, intervention, and at times rebellion.

The British Raj had favoured open trade and a small state. Economic development was not a major priority. This changed after independence. State expenditure as share of GDP increased in both India and Pakistan, with the goal of reducing poverty and inequality. Still, the trajectories of India and Pakistan and then Bangladesh varied. Especially in India, policymakers favoured inward-looking economic policies, and were sceptical of trade and foreign investment. The private sector was constrained by regulation. After 1991 Indian economic policy shifted sharply, deregulating and becoming more open to the global economy. Bangladesh and Pakistan moved in the same direction, but less sharply, partly because they were less statist to begin with. Other factors mattered besides government policy: the Internet boom and the service exports it facilitated; substantial remittances by migrants to the Middle East; and the protests of workers, women and other marginalized groups. In this chapter we highlight key elements of these narratives and flag the chapters that discuss them.

This chapter describes the history of the industrial labour force as it emerged in South Asia, mostly in current India, since the middle of the nineteenth century. New export-oriented industries created employment for many workers, mostly migrants from often remote rural areas, and mostly men. Despite this growth, the labour force structure did not ‘transform’. Industry never employed more than 10% of the labour force, only a small proportion of that was employed in large-scale enterprises, and many workers remained circulatory migrants. The chapter shows that it is imperative to understand this industrial labour force and forms of worker organization that emerged in the interaction of the nature of capitalist production with a large agrarian and impoverished economy, and of ‘modern’ and ‘traditional’ social relations and identities.

Internal migration in India since 1850 was greatly facilitated by the revolutions in transport and communications and led to a widening of labour markets; the growth of large cities, canal colonies, mines and plantations; social and national movements; and the creation of remittance economies. This chapter describes the data and ways in which internal migration is measured and understood in the Indian subcontinent and analyses the migration trends over space and time. It also provides an outline of the broader historiography and research themes on internal migration, including periodization, economic theories of migration, causes and consequences of work-related migration, contractors and migration networks, caste, and nativism and anti-migration rhetoric and policies. A central theme of internal migration in India has been that of ‘circular migration’ and the remarkable persistence of the migration hotspots that developed in the colonial period and continue even today.

The chapter examines how India’s emergence as the world’s largest source of international migrants has affected its economy. It first provides a brief framework to understand international migration’s economic effects, arguing that these depend on selection and sorting effects inherent in migration: who goes, how many go, where they go, why they go and how many return. It then examines the different mechanisms and magnitudes of these effects through different types of financial flow via both the current account (remittances) and the capital account (bank deposits, bonds, FDI), via the network effects of the diaspora on trade and via human capital effects due to a ‘brain drain’. It concludes by arguing that the economic effects of migration on India have depended primarily on factors within India. People leave for a reason and will invest only if it makes financial sense to do so.

Located on a large delta, eastern India confronted a series of ecological challenges in the previous centuries – from the filling up of marshy lands to deforestation. But its developed state of agriculture and handicrafts placed it at the forefront of the country’s economic development, attracting foreign traders to settle therein, and finally to establish their rule in this region. But the question is: how did its economy perform during colonial rule? Indeed, the economic environment that it confronted was not always conducive. Initially, it received a boost from the trading activities of the Company. But later on, an uncongenial environment followed, ruining its age-old industries. Also, many opportunities emerged, thereby giving rise to many modern industries. The chapter seeks to highlight how eastern India’s economic development was shaped during colonial rule. Apart from agriculture and industry, it discusses the development of transport facilities, and also demographic issues, including migration.

Introduces the unresolved issues of the demographic history of Europe’s early modern cities. Introduces the Sharlin thesis, which challenged the demographic graveyard thesis. Describes the case study of Würzburg and the methodology used to address the unresolved issues.

The introduction insists that Black placemaking is an important complement to studies of African diasporic migration. It situates this book within the historiography of family, US southern, and African diasporic scholarship, recounts archival and other research methodologies, and reflects on the books overall significance.