This chapter examines the formal relationship between medical professionalism and compassion, looking at codes of ethics and practice guidelines, chiefly for medical professionals but also with reference to other healthcare workers. The chapter starts by exploring the importance accorded to compassion in ethical guidance for doctors in the United Kingdom (UK), Ireland, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand. It then examines guidance specifically aimed at psychiatrists, including documents published by the Royal College of Psychiatrists in the UK, the College of Psychiatrists of Ireland, and the American Psychiatric Association. Many of these guides emphasise the importance of compassion and related values, with the Royal College of Psychiatrists providing particularly detailed suggestions about building and sustaining compassion in mental healthcare. Compassion and related values also feature commonly in codes of practice and ethical guidance for other clinical professionals, such as nurses, midwives, social workers, occupational therapists, and others. This chapter concludes that, taken together, these statements of practice values and ethical principles reflect a welcome and growing emphasis on compassion in guidance for healthcare professionals across many clinical domains.

Chapter 13 evaluates the challenges of SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production, which aims to reduce economies’ material footprints and related waste emissions to support a shift toward more environmentally responsible practices. Global trends in material resource extraction and waste emissions are reviewed, highlighting increasing per capita resource use, rising resource intensity, and escalating waste emissions. Water, land, and air pollution can impose significant economic costs due to their impacts on human health and well-being and degradation of the stock of natural capital, including ecosystems. Policy options for reducing waste emissions are compared and contrasted. Market-based mechanisms, like taxes or tradable permits, offer cost-effectiveness but may not ensure sufficient environmental protection in uncertain conditions. Conversely, regulations enforced by penalties may be necessary for meeting standards, particularly for hazardous waste, although they can introduce uncertainty about producer costs. Other strategies, such as liability for compensation and environmental assurance bonds, aim to encourage waste reduction, reuse, and recycling.

Chapter 7 explains the range of policy tools decision-makers can use to correct incentives for an oversupply of environmental “bads” and an undersupply of environmental “goods” in markets. There are two critical steps to address the underlying causes of environmental mismanagement. Step 1 involves removing existing policy distortions. Step 2 explains how policy options can be used to correct market failures and compares and contrasts these options. Market-based instruments provide incentives for producers and consumers to reduce or eliminate negative environmental externalities through markets, prices, and other economic means, e.g., Coase Bargaining solutions, cap and trade, taxes, and subsidies. Regulatory-based (command and control) instruments rely on setting a standard, such as emissions or technology adopted, backed by penalties to modify economic behavior. In the absence of government intervention to correct market failures, private sector measures, such as liability, information disclosure, and voluntary agreements, have a role in correcting environmental problems.

A general practice nurse is a registered or enrolled nurse employed in a primary care (general practice) setting. Approximately 82 000 nurses are working outside of hospital settings in Australia and two-thirds (68 per cent) of these work in general practice. It is estimated that over 90 per cent of general practices employ nurses. Aotearoa New Zealand workforce data reveals that in 2018–19, 5.5 per cent of the total nursing workforce worked in general practice, accounting for some 3018 nurses. This places general practice as one of the ten largest practice areas within the Aotearoa New Zealand nursing workforce.

Chapter 8 examines regulatory rules, beginning with an examination of written rules. It underlines the inescapability of interpretive uncertainty and considers ways in which that uncertainty can be addressed, including varying the precision of rules, how they are specified, the publication of interpretive ‘guidance’ (sometimes called ‘soft law’) and the delegation of detailed standard-setting to ‘technical experts’.

Psychiatric intensive care units (PICUs) treat patients with an acute episode of a major mental illness who present with additional risk of harm to themselves or others that cannot be managed on an acute psychiatric ward. This chapter outlines standards of care that are expected upon such units, what they are and how the standards were developed with clinical rationale. It also gives examples of other guidelines and standards that impact practice within a PICU setting. It also describes the process of quality improvement in such units and how this relates to continual positive progress within a PICU setting. It alludes to how the principles of psychiatric intensive care can be incorporated within other settings and the need for clear definition of subspecialities within psychiatry.

Social workers make decisions every day involving the protection of children and/or adults who are at risk of, or are experiencing, abuse and neglect, exercising power and authority derived from law. Social workers must act within the law: “doing things right.” Accountable, legally literate practice additionally includes standards from administrative law when statutory duties are used. However, decision-making frequently also raises ethical dilemmas, including whether, when, and how to intervene in people’s lives. Practice must, therefore, be ethically literate: “doing right things.” Human rights, equality, and social justice issues will also feature in social work decision-making: “right thinking.” This chapter presents a framework for social worker decision-making that is legally and ethically, but also emotionally, relationally, organizationally and knowledge, literate. It proposes that this framework is transferable across the different jurisdictions within which social workers practice, and that it helps social workers to make good as well as lawful decisions.

This chapter addresses the question of what constitutes a good liaison psychiatry service. It briefly considers two national initiatives that have addressed the quality of mental healthcare in general hospitals – the Care Quality Commission (CQC) acute hospital inspection programme and two National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD) reports. However, the chapter primarily focusses on the setting and measurement of standards for liaison psychiatry services by the UK Psychiatric Liaison Accreditation Network (PLAN).

One of the world’s greatest experiments in open innovation is mobile wireless. Technology enterprises have invested billions of R&D dollars to develop 2G, 3G, 4G, now 5G, and hopefully 6G soon. Technology developers make investments and look to the patent system and associated regulators to reward them for risky investments, should their patented technologies become included in the standards. In recent years there has been an uptick in the number of technology implementers. But because patents are not self-enforcing, unlicensed use occurs, which is corrosive of the open innovation system that allows non-vertically integrated firms to compete at the device level. This chapter reviews antitrust theories that some implementers have used to avoid paying royalties to patent owners. This is examined in the context of the FRAND licensing regime established by ETSI, a standards development organization. “Hold up” and “hold out” theories are examined. Hold up theories lack empirical support and are misused by some implementers—particularly those in China—who would prefer to free ride on the R&D investments of others. Restoring and revitalizing technology markets for mobile wireless likely requires limits to be placed on the availability of FRAND licenses with respect to recalcitrant technology implementers. Otherwise, the innovation ecosystem will be harmed, and open innovation (that is, licensing) business models will collapse.

Times are changing as our global ecosystem for commercializing innovation helps bring new technologies to market, networks grow, and interconnections and transactions become more complex around standards, all to enable vast opportunities to improve the human condition, to further competition, and to improve broad access. The policies that governments use to structure their legal systems for intellectual property, especially patents, as well as for competition—or antitrust—continue to have myriad powerful impacts and raise intense debates over challenging questions. This chapter explores a representative set of debates about policy approaches to patents, to elucidate particular ideas to bear in mind about how adopting a private law, property rights-based approach to patents enables them to better operate as tools for facilitating the commercialization of new technologies in ways that best promote the goals of increasing access while fostering competition and security for a diverse and inclusive society.

Effective health-care makes a large and increasing contribution to preventing disease and prolonging life by reducing the population burden of disease. However, only the right kind of health-care delivered in the right way, at the right time, to the right person can improve health. Health-care interventions that are powerful enough to improve population health are also powerful enough to cause harm if incorrectly used. How can public health specialists know whether their interventions are having the desired effect? Clinicians can monitor the impact of their treatments on an individual patient basis, but how do we examine the impact of a new service? This chapter looks at what we mean by quality of health-care and considers some frameworks for its evaluation.

To explain countries’ varying participation in the Belt and Road Initiative, this chapter begins with a discussion of recipient country characteristics that impact the demand for Chinese spending, including the political regime, clientelism, and the public-private orientation of the corporate sector. It then discusses the supply-side factors that influence Chinese foreign spending, including the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), state-owned entities (e.g., SOEs), and private firms. Finally, it evaluates the compatibility of these demand and supply characteristics. The key prediction is that electoral autocracies will display the strongest compatibility with Chinese foreign construction spending. This is amplified when the leaders of these regimes have a weak or insecure hold on power. Electoral autocracies are also predicted to be the most avid adopters of Chinese standards stemming from their eagerness for Chinese infrastructure spending.