Chapter 3 guides the reader inside parties by examining how candidate nominations, leadership selection, and policy platforms operate in modern democracies around the world. Kernell examines variation among these rules both within and across countries, as well as over time, and proposes a coding methodology for defining the degree of membership influence in each of the three primary dimensions. The chapter also discusses case selection and data collection.

This chapter provides an overview of policymaking that is being done at international, regional, and national levels, highlighting some of the key processes and frameworks relevant to climate-related migration and displacement. We discuss the extent to which these policies respond adequately (or not) to the needs and complexity of the challenge. We also describe a range of actors that have been actively engaged in these policymaking processes and the nature of their influence on these processes. We assess the different levels of actors in descending order of scale, starting with an overview of international policy frameworks and processes and then moving through regional and national level processes and approaches. Although we assess each level separately, they should be viewed as a network or web of interconnected actors and processes that influence one another, even as they evolve.

Drawing from the findings on sexual minority and gender diverse (SMGD) concerns and relationships across the 12 countries included in this volume, this chapter provides a summary of the implications for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers. Although the countries are diverse with respect to SMGD-related rights and protections, a review of their results suggests that research focused on the impact of distal minority stressors and structural stigma on the well-being of SGD people is needed. Also, SMGD people continue to experience minority stressors and relationship challenges related to structural stigma and are in need of clinical interventions that are culturally responsive and take into account structural stigma, particularly for the most vulnerable subgroups within SMGD populations (i.e., bisexual, transgender, and gender diverse identified people). Finally, chapter findings have implications for influencing policy, including focusing prevention efforts directly on family and relationship concerns, developing initiatives to reduce minority stress, and strategizing mechanisms to advance SMGD people’s human rights and access to SMGD-affirmative quality care and treatment.

This chapter revisits the book’s central argument and conclusions from each chapter. It concludes that there has been substantial misunderstanding about core aspects of deterrence, which can be addressed by working from a comprehensive approach to theorizing deterrence and using this approach to guide and evaluate research. The chapter also concludes that most extant deterrence-based policies cannot and will not appreciably deter crime, and may even worsen it. The solution lies in policies grounded in stronger science built on better theory and research. Our sincere hope is that comprehensive deterrence theory (CDT) provides a helpful step in that direction.

This chapter discusses the centrality of deterrence to criminological theory and to policy, and then highlights critical shortcomings in classical deterrence theory. It points to critical problems that these shortcomings create, including incomplete or inaccurate understanding of deterrence and ineffective policy. The chapter then describes the motivation for the book, which is to advance theory and policy, the structure of the book, each of the chapters, and recommendations for sequences of chapters readers can follow to pursue their particular interests.

This chapter describes the origins of deterrence theory and problems with the overly narrow conceptualization of deterrence. It discusses the problems within the context of contemporary criminology and criminal justice policy. Many policies rest on weak or inaccurate understanding of deterrence, or are premised on research that has limited generalizability. One example: A great deal of criminal justice policy focuses only on punishment severity as a way of influencing deterrence, but one can increase deterrence in other ways, such as increasing the certainty of punishment or increasing the rewards of non-crime.

Chapter 10 is an in-depth reflection of what constitutes meaningful participation and how to ensure participation is meaningful. Adolescent voices are heard but seldom have an impact on policy, practice and service delivery. Research should not replicate exclusion and marginalisation but instead should enable inclusion. Participation also requires structural supports that enable it and sustain it over time.

From a lower middle-class family in a small mining town in South Africa, a series of opportunities created by mentors in South Africa and abroad, together with the grit and daring to take them up, enabled me to work with some of the most innovative developmental theorists, such as Colwyn Trevarthen, and global policy figures like Jim Yong Kim, former President of the World Bank. I used these opportunities to shape a research and advocacy career that brought together knowledge and evidence relating to young children and families from a wide range of disciplines to contribute to global, regional, and national policy and programs to address the universal and enduring problems of poverty, inequality and social exclusion that limit children’s chances in life. I am extremely gratified that some of my students, assistants, and early career collaborators, driven by their talents and encouraged by my nerve, have similarly carved out global careers starting from provincial beginnings.

While my research life course is not typical, I have been able to focus on developmental psychology in full. Studying change and continuity, risk and resilience, timing/tempo and transitions, babies to boomers. Topics include self-recognition, social cognition, puberty, pregnancy, sexuality, depression, aggression, and parenting. Poverty, inequality, family structure, neighborhood, and immigration contexts are of interest. Policy-oriented research focuses on federal policies (subsidized childcare, Head Start and Early Head Start, income transfers, housing) as well as prevention programs. My greatest pleasure has been the amazing scholars and students from psychology as well as economics, sociology, demography, endocrinology, pediatrics, biologists, and social workers.

This conversation brings together national and international policymakers to discuss the impact of digitalisation on access to justice. The background of the discussion is provided by the United Nation’s Global Goal 16 to ‘provide access to justice for all’. The policymakers contributing to this conversation represent the ministries of justice of Germany and Japan, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT) and the Pathfinders for Peaceful, Just and Inclusive Societies. The discussants explore the potential of technology to provide meaningful access to law and justice. They do so within the context of their organisation’s policy initiatives such as digitalising courts and other justice institutions. Referring to reform experiences, they pay attention to facilitators and barriers of technological change. The policymakers also consider the risks of technology for access to justice and emphasise the need to keep digital vulnerability in mind.