Chapter 4 examines how politicians’ ability to influence bureaucrats’ careers creates opportunities for corruption in public procurement. Drawing on surveys and interviews with bureaucrats across local governments in Ghana, it finds that nearly half of bureaucrats believe procurement contracts are awarded uncompetitively, often in exchange for party financing. These perceptions highlight the vulnerability of procurement processes to partisan manipulation. A key mechanism through which politicians secure bureaucratic compliance is career control, particularly the threat of geographic transfers. Bureaucrats who resist corrupt demands risk reassignment to less desirable locations, a sanction that can disrupt both professional advancement and personal lives. Evidence from a survey experiment underscores this fear: bureaucrats anticipate that opposing corruption would trigger punitive transfers. By focusing on career management as a channel of influence, the chapter contributes to broader debates on bureaucratic autonomy and political interference. It also demonstrates that corruption is not merely the result of bureaucrats’ individual incentives but of institutionalized practices that bind bureaucrats’ careers to politicians’ partisan strategies.

Chapter 3.7 reviews priority-setting. Priority-setting is about taking explicit decisions on where limited public resources should be allocated. Vertical priority-setting focuses on choices for particular sets of health conditions or population groups whereas horizontal priority-setting looks more broadly across types of care, such as primary or secondary care, and broader investments. Key learning includes that

• Defining a health benefits package that is affordable and accessible by all implies a horizontal approach to priority-setting.

• Countries cannot progress towards UHC without horizontal priority-setting and without some form of collective funding and procurement mechanisms.

• Horizontal priority-setting is highly context-specific. Countries may need to reorganize financing and procurement mechanisms to overcome barriers to progress.

• Increasing the total resources for health benefits packages (HBP) can help with the introduction of more horizontal approaches.

• Improving procurement can also support the move towards horizontal priority-setting whether through national efforts (such as better data gathering and use) or international initiatives (i.e. harmonizing regulation across countries or global investment in health security).

• Local capacity is key in supporting the pooling mechanisms, HBP design and regulation which enable horizontal priority-setting. Donors can usefully support health systems strengthening by investing in capacity-building and information sharing.

• Strong political will and cooperation between stakeholders is critical in progressing towards appropriate priority-setting for UHC and in designing, financing and implementing a comprehensive health benefits package.

This poses the question as to why the American air arm began World War II with excellent offensive bombers but mediocre defense fighter planes, which was seemingly in contradiction to a national policy of isolationism and defense. The standard explanation for this dichotomy is that doctrine shaped force structure. I disagree and believe it was a combination of technology, economics, the Army procurement system, and personalities that played the determinant role.

Brokers and ship captains sent thousands of people from the British Isles to work in the English American colonies without indentures. These immigrants only entered written contracts after arrival. Here – and in other labor arrangements in England – the concept of “enticement” dominated. Subordinates’ consent to serve was imagined to be the result of campaigns of temptation to which they succumbed. While previous studies of enticement in early modern England have been limited to sexual seduction, at the time enticement also meant servant poaching. Claims of enticement allowed commentators to emphasize the power of personal interactions in servant procurement, instead of drawing attention to the structural conditions that made a segment of society disproportionately vulnerable to abuse by illicit brokers denounced as "spirits."

In the state of Uttar Pradesh, the political elites tried out land reform as a viable, competing strategy of agrarian modernization. This was an alternate vision of modernization rooted in the freedom movement that put trust in creating a land of healthy peasant proprietorship where efficient, productive cultivators would produce for the market. This reform-based approach came to be personified by a regional peasant leader, Chaudhary Charan Singh. Meanwhile, as part of the Indo-US treaty of 1954, the American land grants helped set up India’s very first agricultural university in the state, the Uttar Pradesh Agricultural University (or UPAU). The new agriculture university showcased a technological approach to enhancement of yield. The central state introduced a new program of productive agriculture around Mexican HYVs in 1964-66 and partnered with the technocrats at UPAU to help facilitate its spread in the state. Charan Singh broke ranks with the Congress party in 1967 whose government at the center was the sponsor of the HYV-program.

This chapter develops a framework for algorithmic governance, including considerations of the nature and consequences of the decision through processes of impact assessment. It analyzes ex ante AI design issues, such as mechanisms for sourcing technology through departmental or agency development or procurement processes, the calibration of error rates, level of human oversight, and participatory processes. Following this, the chapter considers the implementation of models of internal and external algorithmic auditing. The chapter then canvasses the trend towards centralized coordination of AI policies and principles across government, both through horizontal mechanisms of central agencies and regulators and vertical arrangements at the supranational and international organizational level imposed upon nation states. It also discusses transparency measures, including central publication of algorithmic tools, and individual notification and explanation of automated decisions.

This chapter analyses crimes involving procuring sex, including procuring sex by deception. It argues that to appreciate the nature of these offences, and their place within this book, it is necessary both to understand how the verb ‘to procure’ was interpreted, including when and why it required deception, and to pay attention to the acts whose procurement was proscribed by law. The chapter provides elucidation on both fronts, showing how the procuring offences were geared towards prohibiting ‘illicit’ (i.e., immoral) sexual activities and therefore criminalised the use of deception to lure others into committing such acts. In demonstrating this point, the chapter argues that a culturally sensitive vision of what makes intimacy valuable shaped and constrained the use of the procuring offences. Finally, the chapter argues that the demise of the procuring offences set the stage for the expansion of the crime of rape by deception and that examining how the procuring offences worked yields important lessons for those attempting to engage critically with this development.

The Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics (RADx®) program’s success would be significantly diminished without the support of the Deployment Core. For a company to successfully bring to market an in vitro diagnostic (IVD) test, it requires expertise in a variety of areas. This is especially pertinent in a pandemic landscape, as timelines are greatly reduced and market demand is constantly changing. Within the RADx initiative, the Deployment Core was established to identify and provide these necessary resources. The Deployment Core was formed in May 2020 after the IVD companies’ needs became apparent, including the need for consultant expertise and various resources to support development and scale up. This chapter explores the challenges faced by many RADx companies and the lessons learned through the Deployment Core in addressing those needs.

This chapter introduces the subject matter of the book, provides the core problem statement and defines the central terms used in the book. The introduction also explains the focus on governmental adoption of cloud computing services, legal sources, and the research approach.

The introduction explains how cloud computing has made it possible and desirable for users, such as businesses and governments, to migrate their data to be hosted on infrastructure managed by third parties. The chapter further outlines why aspects of migration to cloud services pose specific legal, contractual, and technical challenges for governments.

The chapter further outlines the challenge of addressing contracting and procurement requirements, data privacy and jurisdictional obligations when using an opaque, global, multi-tenant technology such as cloud computing.

This chapter evaluates the unique obligations governments have when they commit citizen data to cloud service providers. In particular, the chapter focuses on how the responsibilities of governments are different than other types of cloud computing users focusing on specific procurement obligations, and other legal requirements.

The chapter also evaluates issues related to “data sovereignty”, outsourcing of government functions, and the potential risk to citizens from outsourcing critical infrastructure. Further, barriers that governments face when procuring cloud computing services including data localization restrictions, difficulties in comparing costs to traditional IT services, and ill-suited contract templates designed for traditional IT-outsourcing being applied to cloud computing services.

The chapter also explains that since operations or services are outsourced to cloud, governments must have the means to monitor them in order to retain a certain level of control over the operations they are outsourcing. The chapter examines government procurement programs in the United States, United Kingdom, and European initiatives to adopt cloud computing at the government level.

Provides an omnibus conclusion on government cloud computing adoption and a look forward to impending challenges.

Chapter 4 employs an originally constructed data set, the China Global Finance Index, to conduct cross-national tests spanning eighteen Latin American countries from 1990 to 2017. The index characterizes Chinese policy loans by their ?nancing channel (state-to-state vs. market-based) for each national-level investment project.The chapter ?nds that China’s state-to-state loans, as a share of a country’s external public debt, are positively correlated with budget de?cits, supporting the primary hypothesis that China’s patient capital expands governments’ ?scal policy space. In exchange for this lack of policy conditionality, however, policymakers tend to have more extensive commercial conditionality. Notably, when Chinese ?nancing is instead directly booked with corporate enterprises through private procurement in the marketplace, these commercial conditions are less extensive. China’s patient capital behaves more like long-term equity capital given the underlying private sector competition promoted by domestic procurement laws. National governments do not gain additional ?scal space and are more likely to comply with policy conditionality.