In addition to symptoms classically associated with the post-intensive care syndrome (PICS), survivors of critical illness often report debilitating physical symptoms affecting their comfort and appearance. Fatigue and chronic pain are among the most common symptoms, and standardized scoring systems have been developed to measure these symptoms in survivors. Moreover, patients who undergo intensive care are at risk for joint contractures, heterotopic ossification, pressure injuries and ulcerations, sexual dysfunction, urinaruy complications, sensory deficits, and skin, hair, and nail changes. A thorough review of systems can identify patients in need of specialty care. Early identification and prompt treatment of symptoms may improve the quality of life for many survivors of critical illness.

This chapter examines how the European Union, despite positioning itself as a global leader in combating tax avoidance, has become a central facilitator of corporate tax arbitrage. Through a combination of legal fragmentation, market integration, and judicial rulings favouring corporate mobility, the EU has unintentionally fostered a ‘law market’ enabling multinational corporations (MNCs) to exploit regulatory and tax differentials across member states. The chapter traces how European conduit jurisdictions – particularly the Netherlands, Ireland, Luxembourg, and Switzerland – emerged as key nodes in global tax planning strategies, especially for US-based MNCs. Drawing on evidence from the CORPLINK study and UNCTAD, it shows how these jurisdictions act as hubs for intermediary subsidiaries, structuring global investment chains that reroute value creation, treasury functions, and tax obligations through Europe while bypassing both source and residence countries. Moreover, the chapter highlights how the EU’s internal legal order – especially the subsidiarity principle and European Court of Justice rulings -accelerated the ‘Delaware effect’ of regulatory competition. The paradox is stark: while promoting tax reform and transparency, the European Union has simultaneously entrenched a structural role for European states as gatekeepers of global arbitrage, particularly in how foreign direct investment reaches and exploits developing economies.

The chapter describes the basic terminology used in the book, the composition of the Earth system and the principles of climate dynamics. It details the main components of the Earth system (atmosphere, ocean, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere and solid Earth) and processes relevant to understanding climate dynamics. The concepts of climate, climate variability and climate change are discussed in the context of Quaternary climate dynamics. The global cycles of energy, water and carbon and their importance for climate evolution and variability are presented. The chapter introduces the mechanisms behind different types of radiative forcing, climate feedbacks and climate sensitivity. The difference between equilibrium and transient climate responses to different climate forcings is specified. The frameworks of stability and instability are introduced and discussed in application to climate. The relationship between the stochasticity of the Earth system and the predictability of climate change is presented.

This concluding chapter first summarizes the main findings of this book, based on which it discusses the continuities and discontinuities in the transformation of labour precarity before and after 1949 and in the Mao era and after. It then engages with the paradoxes and debates introduced in Chapter 1 and discusses this book’s implications for labour movements and policy. Next, this chapter compares labour precarity in China with that in socialist and transitional economies and in traditional advanced capitalist economies after the Second World War to depict global trends in this regard. This chapter concludes by revealing the limitations of this book, and putting forward speculations for future changes in labour precarity and suggestions for future research about precarious labour in China.

This chapter argues that Augustine adopts a second-person perspective, which “is characterized by dialogical speech, shared awareness of shared focus with the second person, and an orientation to love that other person.” This perspective shapes his understanding of the moral life; it gives pride of place to second-person relations, whether in the virtuous love of God and neighbor or in the disordered friendship without which Augustine tells us he would not have stolen the pears. Examining three virtues – humility, mercy, and charity – the chapter shows how each of them can be understood only in terms of proper relatedness to some other person. Since these virtues are prominent in the Confessions but altogether absent from the Nicomachean Ethics, a close look at them reveals the considerable differences between an Augustinian and an Aristotelian approach to the virtues. It also sheds light on how to read Thomas Aquinas. Aquinas’ considerable inheritance from Augustine goes largely ignored by scholars focusing on Aquinas’s Aristotelianism. Attention to Augustine is accordingly crucial for a more balanced understanding of Aquinas; it also holds promise for future work in virtue ethics.

I demonstrate the analytical value of socially and historically embedding corruption through a case study of corruption in the Cambodian land market. I proceed by taking three types of corruption commonly associated with the formal process of land registration by scholars and civil society groups – the violation of regulations and procedures (a corruption of the rules), patronage practices (a corruption of politics), and rent-seeking (a corruption of bureaucracy) – and embed these practices in the processes and situations in which they take shape. I then discuss the difference embedding makes compared to a utilitarian account of corruption (the one that scholars and civil society groups writing about the case tend to deploy). Embedding changes how we understand corruption: We see corruption as an emergent practice as opposed to being a universal one. We see that, in Cambodia, corruption is systemic as opposed to being isolated to certain individuals or agencies. We see that corruption can be a way of building bureaucratic capacity as opposed to being purely self-interested and anti-organizational.

This chapter sets the scene in urban Penang at the time of research through a consideration of public discourses about marriage and gender relations. It examines newspaper accounts, public events, debates, exhibitions and theatrical productions in Penang’s capital, George Town. Alongside interviews with lawyers, these public discourses show how discussions about what are perceived by many as ‘dysfunctional relations’, including child marriage, polygamy, the conversion of minors to Islam, divorce and LGBTQ rights, have the capacity to expand and take on a life of their own at moments of national tension. The chapter illuminates the dense connections between kinship, gender, ethnicity, religion and law. Stories about child marriage at different political moments – to take one example – condense ethical and political concerns and contestations in times of radical change.

This chapter describes the significant role that spiritual support plays for both the ICU patient and their loved ones. A hospital stay is a stressful time, and an ICU experience is traumatic. The severity of illness and the uncertainty of healing can precipitate existential questioning and increase reliance on faith. Intervention by a trained non-denominational chaplain can be an asset to an ICU team, offering patients and loved one’s psycho-spiritual support to diverse kinds of needs. As a spiritual care specialist, a chaplain can distinguish between spirituality – an internal search for meaning – and religiosity, often rooted in a structured belief system. Tools like the FICA model are used by chaplains to assess spiritual distress, and chaplains can train the ICU staff as “spiritual care generalists,” who can then identify spiritual distress and reach out to a chaplain if needed. The chapter also addresses the need for spiritual support in patients with Post Intensive Care Syndrome (PICS) and Post Intensive Care Syndrome – Family (PICS-F). Chaplains can be beneficial for both diagnoses.

The mafia has, in the purely anthropological sense of the term, a culture with rules and beliefs which dictate aspects of its conduct. This culture has been adapted and altered in history but, while studying the contemporary mafia, Pino Arlacchi found it of value to examine the code which contemporary mafiosi had inherited from their own past. Tommaso Buscetta is the most important mafioso to have defected, although his accounts of the mafia cannot be accepted uncritically. It has been pointed out that he was under mafia sentence of death when he turned state evidence, and that he has never given information which would incriminate his own side. He also tends to romanticise an 'old mafia', as distinct from the degenerate mafia of recent times. From his discussions with Tommaso Buscetta, the magistrate Giovanni Falcone gained an unrivalled knowledge of the outlook of the mafioso.

This chapter discusses the phenomenon of Hebrew-Yiddish self-translation, and offers it as a central practice in the formation of modern Jewish literature. Self-translation, that is the writing and rewriting of the same work time and again in different languages by the same author, was crucial to the very ability to write modern Hebrew and Yiddish literature. In the second half of the nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth, self-translation was the practice that allowed Hebrew and Yiddish to grow as robust literary languages. To exemplify this, the chapter discusses a case study; in a close reading of a self-translated work, a novella by Zalman Shneour (1886–1959), this chapter offers a demonstration not only of the history and national settings of self-translation, but also of the unique poetics of self-translation. The novella, A Death (1905–1923), is a prime example of self-translation practices and poetics, a poetics that privileges openness, counterfactuals, instability and indecisiveness. In the ongoing and prolonged writing and rewriting of this novella, I offer that Shneour works as both practitioner and philosopher of self-translation, thematizing in the work of art its modes of composition.