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Governments spend billions on our behalf. But how should this money be spent? The purpose should be to increase the wellbeing of the people. So the best policies are those which produce the most wellbeing per pound spent. The new science of wellbeing now enables us to make these calculations. The authors of this book, led by Richard Layard, do just that across a whole range of government policies. And the results call for radical changes in priorities. This path-breaking book opens up a new approach to policy-making. It combines traditional economics with the new psychology of happiness. By valuing non-monetary outcomes it does what politicians have always wanted. Its methods have already been adopted by the UK Treasury and are relevant worldwide. If followed, they would produce a happier world. When people ask where do we go 'beyond GDP', this is the answer.
School board meetings have become the battleground for some of the most contentious political battles in the United States, but their importance extends beyond current hot-button issues. In Democracy Speaks, Jonathan E. Collins offers a groundbreaking exploration of how local school boards shape public voice, democratic accountability, and educational equity. Collins presents the importance of public discourse at school board meetings as central to effective school board governance, and more broadly shows how everyday civic spaces like school board meetings can either deepen or erode trust in government. The book also develops a new theoretical lens for thinking about democratic accountability in this setting - 'deliberative culture' - to trace how discursive norms can result in impactful school reform. At a time when public education is caught in political crossfire, this book offers a hopeful, research-driven framework for reimagining school governance as a site of meaningful public engagement.
Historical analysis sits at the heart of the social sciences, yet historical data is often treated as if it provides objective knowledge about the past. This book challenges this assumption, revealing the uncertainty, selectivity, and interpretive mediation embedded in every historical claim. Advocating an intersubjectivist approach that avoids both naïve positivism and radical relativism, the authors show how rigorous historical analysis can strengthen theory building, causal inference, and generalization. Along the way, the book highlights common hazards – from presentism and confirmation bias to unreflective data use – that threaten the credibility of historical research. Outlining five general principles, each supported by practical procedures, it provides a clear roadmap for reducing bias and strengthening the credibility of social science history. The result is an essential methodological guide for social scientists seeking to use historical evidence with greater clarity, care, and scholarly integrity.
Polarization adds powerful, often underutilised information to satellite remote sensing. This book is a comprehensive, end-to-end guide to retrieving both cloud and aerosol properties from polarimetric observations. Unique in unifying key training across scattering modeling, aerosol retrieval, cloud microphysics, and polarimetric observations, this foundational textbook prepares readers in the use of a cutting-edge technique that is increasingly deployed for climate missions by NASA and other space agencies. The book begins with the basics of polarization, building into scattering theory and particle optics. Readers are guided through polarized radiative transfer, surface boundary conditions over ocean and land, and the inverse methods connecting measurements to geophysical properties. Dedicated chapters explore the retrieval of cloud phases and microphysics, aerosol optical depth, particle size, and refractive index. Suitable as a graduate textbook or a reference for researchers, this volume will allow readers to emerge ready to work directly with polarimetric satellite data.
This practical, wide-ranging guide to teaching one of the most popular and challenging fields in US history is written by leading scholars who have extensive classroom experience. Organized around key topics and innovative teaching methods, the essays provide concrete, tested approaches, from teaching World War II, the Vietnam War, and the Iraq War to using film, wargaming, staff rides, and public-facing projects. The authors also directly address and reflect on some of the pedagogical challenges and controversies of teaching about war. The book bridges traditional military history and 'war and society' approaches to integrate the operational side of military history with broader social, cultural, and political aspects and consequences. Designed for instructors at high school and college level, as well as graduate students preparing to teach, it is an essential resource for anyone seeking to engage students more effectively with a field that remains central to understanding the United States.
Scholarly texts and the popular imagination often analogize the state as a person that is concrete and independent in its actions. This Leviathan, the state-as-person analogical framing, pervades our interpretations of the past. The framing is deeply misleading, both narrowing the possibilities of past governance for large-scale collectives and distorting our understanding of how important decisions were made. This book uses the assemblage approach and other related theories to develop an alternative framework that views these polities as dynamic assemblages of human and other-than-human agents brought together through ongoing projects of incorporation and coordination. Leaders try, and often fail, to shape these assemblages through their actions. Five case studies illustrate the benefits of this approach for understanding past politics—from Chaco Canyon, the Andean Wari, Shang China, Ilé-IfẹÌ in Nigeria, and ancient Athens. This is a Flip it Open title and may be available open access on Cambridge Core.
The Monastery of St. John in Arles, founded in 512, was the birthplace of strict enclosure and the earliest female monastic Rule in the West. This book looks beyond the walls and offers a radical challenge to the established view of cloistered nuns as passive. Through an interdisciplinary 'inside view,' drawing on evidence from texts to textiles, it reveals the sisters, especially Caesaria the Elder and Younger, as agents whose 'diligent experimentation' profoundly shaped the legislation and spirituality of the cloister. The sisters emerge not as confined figures, but as powerful leaders-mothers, teachers, scribes, and mystics-who secured the monastery's extraordinary legal and economic autonomy and interceded for the city of Arles. This is an essential study of female agency and the lived experience of Early Medieval women's history.
Devotional forms and practices had a shaping influence on female authorship, economies of print, and cultures of reading during the Romantic period. Mary Fairclough analyses the work of Anna Laetitia Barbauld, Mary Wollstonecraft and Mary Hays to demonstrate how these aspects of Romantic literary culture can be traced back to devotional customs. These authors, she shows, sustain the religious force of such customs, but at the same time they make them new, by appropriating devotional models to produce affective, inclusive forms of authorship, print, and reading. In doing so they harness the most up to date technologies and trends in book production and publishing, enabling innovations in literary form and genre and producing new, hybrid modes of writing. Simultaneously, they centre acts of voicing to emphasise that literary texts are catalysts for embodied practices of vocal performance and the creation of community which centres women and girls.
In Resistance and Trauma in Chronicles, David Janzen uses postcolonial and decolonial theory to argue that Chronicles was written in important part to resist and reject the ways in which Achaemenid ideology depicted the subject peoples of the Persian Empire, Judeans among them, as innately immoral and prone to violence, and thus in need of Persian rule. By contrast, Chronicles creates an identity for Judeans that portrays them as inherently moral and able to provide for their own peace and well-being. These were aspects of life that, the Achaemenids claimed, only Persians could convey to the peoples they dominated. Yet decolonial analysis also warns that indigenous worldviews cannot entirely escape the influence of imperial belief systems. As a result, Chronicles is not always successful in its decolonial portrayal of Judah. It reflects the state of a traumatized community deeply scarred by imperial ideology, an issue that Janzen explores through trauma theory as it is understood within sociology.
Why have states continued to intervene in the Israel-Palestine conflict? How have those interventions helped shape the current crisis, and is a better way of engagement possible? Exploring the role of colonial mandates, super-power rivalries and multilateral peace processes, this book considers how states, regional organizations and international institutions have influenced the conflict since 1967. Rory Miller and Ciarán Ó Cuinn explore what these interventions have achieved, where they have fallen short, and why they continue to matter both on the ground and around the world. As the conflict continues to dominate the international diplomatic and political agenda, Miller and Ó Cuinn propose a new framework for external intervention. Building on the 'Parity, then Peace' concept, this approach seeks to ensure that the core issues of the conflict are dealt with on the basis of equality.
In a time of intractable political division, what resources can theology provide to bridge seemingly unbridgeable gaps? Jason M. Smith here proposes that one of the foundational acts of the Christianity-the Eucharist-can serve as a potent common symbol for mutual political reflection and action. Exploring new ways of thinking about the mystery of the presence of Christ in the Eucharist, notably 'transdonation' and 'transcorporation,' he demonstrates how God's presence in material things calls us to new ways of sharing our world together. Smith links eucharistic theology to political theology by treating the rite as a source for political reflection and judgment. He demonstrates how, in the bread and wine, we find the gift of a new common language by which we might seek a true common good. His study makes the traditional language of Eucharistic theology accessible and invites new theological responses to universal questions.
Strategic Open Justice examines how fusing two fundamental components of modern democratic societies – strategic communication and open justice – has begun a revolutionary change in the way courts manage their public media and communication practice. It explores historic developments that have led to contemporary media and communication operations in the courts and how these both build and challenge public opinion and community confidence in the administration of justice and the judicial arm of government. The cross-disciplinary approach combines theory and practice from law, media and journalism, strategic communication, and narratology in a single, internationally researched volume. Examining concepts such as publicity, transparency, media platforms, big data, AI, and open justice itself, it presents a thought-provoking analysis of how contemporary open justice developed and changed, the actors involved, how communication and media drive engagement, and the challenges and benefits in modernising court communication practices, cultures, and traditions.
Introducing the kinetics of phase transformations, in a manner that is relevant to all materials, from polymers and ceramics to metals and electronic materials. It builds up from simple discussions of interfaces to the complex primary phase transformations used to create engineering materials, and introduces students to real-world industry tools, including materials databases and CALPHAD-based codes. All assumptions are clearly stated, and all derivations presented in full, allowing students to focus on core concepts and the implications of results, and it is accompanied by 125 end-of-chapter homework problems, Python code examples, and solutions for instructors. Culminating with a discussion of transformation rates that synthesizes concepts presented throughout the text, including three example capstone projects, this is the ideal introduction for senior undergraduate and graduate students studying phase transformations.
American and British English in the twenty-first century are still divided by a common language. Now in its second edition, this highly readable guide provides an authoritative reference to English usage, covering the differences, and some emerging similarities, between British, American and international English. It has been thoroughly updated and expanded to document hundreds of variable points of usage for the benefit of British and American readers, and for those seeking international forms of English for written communication, as first- or second-language users. It discusses the current status of each usage item with quantitative evidence from the NOW (News on the Web) corpus and contemporary research. Lively examples of usage are provided to capture aspects of twenty-first century culture world-wide. It also discusses issues in the use of personal names and ethnic naming practices, as well as sexist and homophobic words, and person-centred words for those living with a disability.
Why do we add a laughing emoji when nothing's funny? Why does texting 'k' feel colder than texting 'ok'? And what does all the jargon mean in social gaming? Jenny Lederer explores how our everyday digital conversations -texts, tweets, emojis, vlogs, and dating apps-are reshaping language and social life. Far from being trivial, online talk offers a living laboratory for understanding how humans create meaning, negotiate identity, and build relationships in a connected world. Blending traditional, cognitive, and digital linguistic theory with real-world examples, App Chat invites readers to see their own digital communication in a new light. Every LOL, emoji, and ghosted text reveals something deeper about how communication works, both online and off. Playful yet rigorous, this book is perfect for students curious about language, linguistic theory, culture, and technology, as well as anyone who's ever wondered: how does the medium of communication shape the message communicated?
In History's Most Revolutionary Innovation, Victor Menaldo shows that America's AI dominance was not an accident of entrepreneurial culture or free markets. It was engineered — through four decades of bipartisan reforms to intellectual property, antitrust, telecommunications, and trade policy that quietly built the legal and economic scaffolding the digital economy required. Situating AI within the lineage of previous general purpose technologies like steam engines, electricity, and the microchip, and tracing its full arc from semiconductors to smartphones to large language models, Menaldo shows how a handful of dominant firms simultaneously captured outsized returns and spread innovation across global supply chains — and asks what happens now that the US, China, and the EU are retreating into competing, gated technology regimes. The result is the first comprehensive account of where AI came from, why its benefits have been uneven, and what will determine whether the AI revolution lifts living standards.
Contributing to contemporary debates in phenomenological psychopathology and enactive psychiatry, this book argues that a comprehensive account of mental illness and its treatment requires engagement with subjectivity. It advances an enactive model of the mind that articulates the dynamics of lived experience and provides an integrative framework for psychiatric research and clinical practice. Recentering subjectivity, the book outlines a more unified and productive direction for the field aimed at psychiatrists, neuroscientists, and other mental health professionals Organized into two parts, Part I examines psychiatry's historical movement toward objectivity and the consequences of this shift, offering the conceptual resources needed to critically address-and move beyond—the concerns that motivated it. Part II develops a positive vision for an enactive psychiatry structured around the Nested States Model (NSM), demonstrating how the NSM can help guide both clinical practice and research towards a more comprehensive understanding of psychiatric disorders.
With contributions from a team of renowned scholars, this two-volume Handbook is a comprehensive guide to the Distributed Morphology (DM) framework, providing an overview of all major theoretical issues in morphology. This volume, the second, looks at morphology post-syntax within the Distributed Morphology (DM) framework, exploring its phonological and semantic aspects. It is divided into three parts; Parts I and II focus on morphology post-syntax, exploring its phonological and semantic aspects. Part III broadens the discussion to interfaces between morphology and other areas of linguistics and cognitive science, extending DM's reach well beyond core language components. Each chapter focuses on different theoretical issues, as well as empirical phenomena across a variety of languages. Filling a crucial gap in the domain of morphology, this volume is an essential resource for anyone who wants to understand the depth and scope of Distributed Morphology research.
In recent decades, organisations such as the African Union have developed significant intelligence capabilities. Yet, existing research on intelligence in the Global South remains limited, and African intelligence institutions are understudied, their innovations under-recognised, and their challenges under-theorised. Tunji Namaiko focuses on the Continental Early Warning System (CEWS), whose operationalisation started in 2006, arguing that this system represents the most ambitious, integrated, and wide-ranging form of multilateral intelligence cooperation in the Global South. Namaiko demonstrates that despite sovereignty concerns, African states have institutionalised intelligence cooperation in a way that links intelligence directly to conflict prevention and peacebuilding, rather than merely to foreign policy or military objectives. This study connects theory, policy, and practice, offering new insights into how intelligence functions in regional integration processes. This is a Flip it Open title and may be available open access on Cambridge Core.