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The Arab region has suffered over a decade of extreme conflict, with significant repercussions for the development of higher education in conflict-affected countries. Yet higher education remains marginal to recovery debates in the region. This book addresses this gap through comparative analysis of five war-affected contexts: Iraq, Libya, Syria, Yemen, and Gaza. Based on extensive fieldwork and sustained policy engagement, it reveals how universities have endured protracted conflict, adapted under extreme constraints, and participated in reconstruction efforts-often with minimal external support. Challenging dominant approaches to post-conflict intervention, it foregrounds local agency, institutional adaptation, and nationally driven processes. It also documents the shift toward recognizing higher education as both a humanitarian concern and a developmental priority. This is the first study to position universities at the center of recovery discourse in conflict-affected Arab states. This is a Flip it Open title and may be available open access on Cambridge Core.
In the wake of wars and revolutions, fragile societies increasingly turn to interim constitutions to enact their visions for a brighter future. With more than 150 interim constitutions enacted globally since 1789, an understanding is needed of these legal instruments and how well they perform. As the first major comparative study, Interim Constitutions: Legal Nature and Performance fills this void. This authoritative guide for practitioners and scholars addresses how interim constitutions compare to other constitutional reform options, when they are used and why, their functions, drafting processes and main design features, negotiation challenges, and the benefits they yield – including whether they lead to final (non-interim) constitutions, as well as greater peace and democracy. Dozens of hypotheses in the state of the art on achieving successful transitions are tested and disrupted, leading to novel and useful insights for improving future practice. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Climate change is disrupting humanity's most fundamental need: food. Are you ready for real solutions but frustrated by advice that feels dense, alarmist, or vague? Will We Go Hungry? cuts through the noise and moves beyond ideology – bridging the gap between high-tech solutions and regenerative approaches with evidence, not dogma. Drawing on decades of combined global experience in climate finance, marketing, and frugal innovation, the authors offer a clear-eyed analysis of both risks and opportunities. They translate complex science into actionable insights, weigh the pros, cons, and trade-offs of a full 'buffet' of solutions, and share real-world lessons from their acclaimed podcast. This is your guide to turning understanding into action. It will empower you to craft a resilient, tailored strategy that relies on ingenuity more than capital – and to galvanise your organisation to act with urgency.
Foreign investments may play a pivotal role in promoting the sustainable development of Africa. This book charts Africa's investment law revolution through the lens of the continent's Renaissance. It provides a rigorous and critical examination of how the continent is reshaping the rules of engagement. In many respects, African States and organizations have been extremely proactive and innovative in reforming investment treaties. They have continuously sought to strike a balance between, on the one hand, the effective protection of foreign investments, both in substantive and procedural terms, and, on the other hand, the legitimate exercise by the host State of its regulatory powers. These efforts have resulted in legal instruments that now feature important provisions on environmental protection, human rights, corporate social responsibility, labour standards, and public health.
Why does conflict remain a defining challenge across Africa, and how can sustainable peace be achieved? Drawing on five centuries of African intellectual thought, original fieldwork, archival research, and over twenty case studies, Pillars of Peace redefines how we understand conflict and how sustainable peace can be built. Ayokunu Adedokun develops three central contributions. First, the book demonstrates how conflict emerges from the interaction of historical legacies, structural conditions, and post-conflict dynamics. Second, Adedokun introduces an original approach to sustainable peace that integrates African intellectual traditions, including decolonial scholarship and the relational ethics of Ubuntu, while recognising the constructive role of global partnerships. Finally, the study explains why sustainable peace requires the integrated reconstruction of three core pillars: security and public order, political and governance systems, and economic and development foundations within a unified peace architecture. Bridging theory and practice, Pillars of Peace advances a new paradigm for understanding conflict and building sustainable peace globally.
As cities face mounting pressures from aging infrastructure, climate change, and social inequities, new approaches are needed to design resilient, sustainable, and equitable urban systems. This book introduces a powerful, step-by-step methodology for conceptualizing and managing complex infrastructure projects through the unique lens of systems architecture, showing how this approach supports better decision-making, transparency, and collaboration. Drawing on real-world examples, the book explores concepts including trade-offs, stakeholder needs, and system interdependencies. It demonstrates how to integrate qualitative and quantitative factors, navigate uncertainty, and reason across diverse disciplines and timescales. Crucially, this book offers long-awaited solutions for bridging the technical and social demands of urban infrastructure design. By extending systems architecture into the urban domain, it offers a practical yet theoretically grounded framework for addressing 21st-century infrastructure challenges. This accessible and forward-looking guide is valuable for anyone involved in shaping the future of urban systems, from engineers to urbanists.
Most philosophical work on causation is divorced from scientific practice, but in this book David Papineau develops a metaphysical theory designed to provide a principled grounding for the science of causal inference. The book first introduces non-specialists to the techniques of causal inference, and then shows how the resulting theory can account for all aspects of causation. While Papineau draws on a wide range of scientific and philosophical sources, everything is explained from first principles and will be accessible to readers from all backgrounds. The resulting theory marks a new departure in the philosophy of causation, and will be of interest not only to philosophers but also to anybody interested in the statistical techniques that are widely used throughout science to analyse causal structures.
The Lutheran pastor Dietrich Bonhoeffer courageously resisted the Nazi regime. Yet, while inspired by sincere faith, his resistance was also politically short-sighted. In this study, Douglas G. Morris explores how Bonhoeffer's fear of the regime's assault on Christianity led him to neglect the liberal democratic value of equal justice under law. While opposing Nazi racism against Jews, Bonhoeffer always believed that they must eventually convert. Scorning Hitler's rule as godless, Bonhoeffer imagined in its place a secular government under Christ that was authoritarian, hierarchical, and anti-egalitarian. Thus, Bonhoeffer had little to offer Jews, other marginalised groups, or political dissenters. Based on a careful probing of extensive secondary literature and a meticulous analysis of Bonhoeffer's own writing, this study demonstrates how his faith both inspired his anti-Nazism and constrained his political understanding.
The contributions of Amartya Sen and Cambridge Social Ontology are two important streams in the Cambridge tradition of political economy. Despite significant commonalities, the nature and limits of their convergence remain largely unexamined. Ontology, Ethics and Economics provides the first comparative analysis of these two schools of economic thought. It argues that coherence across economic, social, and ethical theorising can only be achieved when grounded on a solid ontological foundation. While Sen's work has reintroduced crucial ethical dimensions to economics, his reluctance to address ontology systematically has generated tensions that account for the wide and often contradictory interpretations and applications of his work. Offering an explicit account of social reality and its moral implications within a distinctive philosophical framework, this book shows how ontological inquiry can restore political economy's emancipatory orientation and its capacity to offer a genuine alternative to contemporary mainstream economics.
Surrogacy is a rapidly evolving global phenomenon that raises profound legal, ethical, and social questions. This book offers a pioneering Rights-Based Pyramid Approach, balancing adults' rights through liberty, equality, and vulnerability, to secure the best interests of children at the centre. Drawing on extensive empirical research in Sri Lanka, alongside comparative analysis of India and the UK, it provides a uniquely context-sensitive perspective on how surrogacy laws can and should respond to real-world challenges. A distinctive feature of this book is its examination of how one country's laws impact surrogacy both within and beyond national borders, shaping practices, markets, and policy responses across regions. Written in clear, accessible language, the book bridges academic and practical debates, making it essential reading for students, researchers, and professionals in law, bioethics, gender studies, social policy, sociology, psychology, and public health, as well as policymakers and practitioners seeking a comprehensive yet practical guide.
'All past beliefs about nature have sooner or later turned out to be false. On the record, therefore, the probability that any currently proposed belief will fare better must be close to zero.' So wrote the historian and philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn. A substantial number of contemporary philosophers agree with that pessimistic induction from the history of science. If true, the implications of that inductive argument are profound, suggesting that current so-called scientific knowledge is not what it purports to be – namely, an enduring understanding of our world. The Pessimistic Induction expressed in Kuhn's remark has been extensively discussed in the philosophy of science but heretofore without a synoptic critical examination. Drawing on both the history and the philosophy of science, this book presents a detailed exploration of the Pessimistic Induction and defends an optimistic, yet not necessarily realist, view of an important class of current scientific knowledge claims.
Shells were an important product in the prehistoric and ancient worlds. Dating back to the Palaeolithic period, shells are among the earliest symbolic artefacts and are a key indicator of human cognitive evolution. In this volume, Daniella E. Bar-Yosef Mayer offers a multi-disciplinary, global survey of shell artefacts in human history. Integrating approaches from biomineralogy, palaeontology, and geoarchaeology, she shows how humans exploited shells as fundamental components of material culture, alongside lithics and ceramics. Bar-Yosef Mayer traces how the transition to farming was accompanied by technological advances and innovations as reflected in new artefact types, including decorative objects, such as pendants and bangles, as well as tools and vessels, such as containers and fish-hooks. Her study also considers the use of shell money as currency in historical periods. Featuring examples of shell technology from around the world, this volume serves as an introduction to the topic and is suitable for use in courses on human prehistory and early civilizations.
After the Arab Spring, Tunisia emerged as the one success story to transition to democracy, winning a Nobel Peace Prize in 2015 for its focus on inclusion and power-sharing. How, then, did its democracy collapse in 2021? Drawing on unique interviews with senior Tunisian officials, alongside three nationally representative surveys of the population, The Rise and Fall of Tunisian Democracy points to an overemphasis on compromise, consensus, and power-sharing. Although power-sharing institutions can be useful at the start of a transition, the book finds that extending them beyond that point can lead democracy to unravel by frustrating voters and spurring the rise of populists and extremists. The book takes an in-depth look at Tunisia's transition and then explores how far the theory travels through a quantitative analysis of all democratic transitions between 1942–2020. Overall, the book reveals the dark side of power-sharing, broadening our understanding of the causes of populism, polarization, and democratic breakdown.
The first book in the English language to take a comparative look at the various roles played by all kinds of music and musicians in the fascist regimes of the twentieth century. It provides detailed overviews of musical life in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany and identifies and challenges some of the stereotypes that became ingrained over the latter half of the twentieth century. Alongside comparative studies drawn from the German and Italian examples, the book presents case studies from a variety of regimes and situations. It analyses and compares numerous aspects of fascism (ideology, thought, practice, policy) in their interfaces with music and musicians across the twentieth century. Its broad range of topics expands the reader's horizons beyond a debate on 'music and totalitarianism' currently too often restricted to Stalinism on the one hand and Nazism on the other.
Women working in physics navigate unique challenges that your male colleagues rarely have to consider. This practical, research-based guide will help you tackle the various issues you are likely to encounter during your education and career in academia or industry. With each chapter focusing on a specific problem, the guidance is presented in a question-and-answer format that allows you to navigate directly to the advice you need. Chapters address a broad range of challenges, from thriving as a student and interviewing for jobs to improving self-confidence and timing maternity leave. Focus is placed on immediate and practical advice with the intention of constructing a positive framework that helps you improve your circumstances in an imperfect environment. Enriched with advice and stories from a group of women physicists with diverse experiences, the book provides you with the necessary tools and support for continuing your journey with confidence.
Will Kaufman now brings his award-winning cultural history up to the present: to a USA poised on the brink of autocracy under Donald Trump and the MAGA movement. His second instalment explores songs from all genres that respond to war, racism, sexism, terrorism, the climate emergency and political oppression: including the crisis of Trumpism itself. The struggles of the American project have always, the author reveals, been sung into history; and his aim is to preserve and continue this venerable tradition. The musical sweep is broad. It includes Indigenous and immigrant songs, the Broadway musical, opera, symphonic music, swing, bebop, free jazz, avant-garde and electronica, Puerto Rican and Hawaiian resistance anthems, Mexican corridos, blues, rock, soul, country, folk, gospel, punk, riot grrrl, heavy metal, disco, hip-hop, rap, and reggaeton. Revealing the myriad ways in which American song reflects the fight for social and political justice, it is an essential intervention.
Pardons is an unprecedented history of the pardon power, chronicling how British monarchs and American presidents have wielded clemency to afford mercy, reconcile societies, and exert executive supremacy. The book traces the pardon power from its origins as an attribute of absolute monarchy to its adoption by the American Framers as one of the few enumerated powers of the president of the United States. It tells the stories, human and political, of all forty-five presidents who have wielded the pardon power and of those they pardoned. The book argues that the increasing abuse of presidential clemency and the effective elimination of impeachment and criminal prosecution as constraints on presidential misconduct have made the pardon power a threat to the rule of law. To address this growing danger, Pardons calls for presidential pardon powers to be eliminated or transferred to Congress by constitutional amendment.
This new volume presents a more inclusive idea of the family in early modern Britain, foregrounding innovative approaches that have reframed the subject in the past twenty years. With contributions from a new generation of scholars working in collaboration with leading historians, chapters explore previously marginalised or neglected historical subjects. These include the experiences of disabled people, queer families, migrants, religious nonconformists and people of diverse heritage. The pressing concerns of war and empire are discussed, while race and ethnicity are also reconsidered in relation to intersectional dynamics of family membership and experience. Contributors rethink histories of children and religion, apprenticeship and parenting, as well as reflect on recent developments in history, including family emotion and the relationship between the family and environmental change. In early modern Britain, families were embodied and characterised by care, belonging and emotional connection, but also by exclusion and neglect. While some families might embrace change, others acted to conceal secrets or fractured under the strain of disruption.
This book is a politically urgent and critically rigorous study of the reemergence of tragedy in American literature since 1945. It argues that literature appeals to tragic forms and figures to narrate the lived experience of labor during a period of social upheaval. In the novels of William Gaddis, Sylvia Plath, Thomas Pynchon, Kathy Acker, Philip Roth and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, the generic coordinates of tragedy attach to the precarious work lives of multiple characters in ways that bring labor into direct conversation with a literary history of tragedy. It explores Faustian pacts in The Recognitions (1955) and the inescapable determinism of The Bell Jar (1963), through the sacrificial scapegoat and singing choruses of Gravity's Rainbow (1973), the Oedipal reckoning of Blood and Guts in Highschool (1984), to the Shakespearean bloodlines of The Human Stain (2000) and the tragic forms of alienation in Americanah (2013).