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The United States has fought wars throughout its history. But how has it attempted to shape a peaceful world in the wake of these conflicts? This volume explores the long US history of post-conflict diplomacy – from the early republic, through the aftermath of World War II, to recent global engagements. Through richly detailed essays, it examines how power, race, and individual agency shaped US efforts to rebuild relationships after war. Moving beyond simplistic narratives, the book reveals the complexity of forging peace and its unintended consequences. It highlights pivotal moments when alliances were born, rivalries transformed, and nongovernmental actors influenced outcomes as much as statespersons. Essential for scholars, policymakers, and readers seeking insight into how past strategies inform present decisions, this work reframes the diplomatic legacy of the United States and offers lessons for future interventions. Bold, comparative, and deeply researched, it illuminates the challenges – and possibilities – of building peace after conflict.
Presenting a newly developed comprehensive framework-Online Language Course Evaluation Framework (OLCEF)-this book is a guide on how to effectively evaluate online language courses. It includes a comprehensive overview of the essential components of an effective online language course and introduces the five key principles which form the evaluation process-pedagogical, language learning, social, cognitive, and technological. It describes in detail the three stages of the evaluation, providing an accessible guide for a step-by-step evaluation of an online language course. The book also includes an extensive review of the existing research, theories, evaluation frameworks and guidelines, and the authors' personal knowledge and experiences related to the evaluation of online language courses. Conveying practical advice in an accessible way and grounded in theory and research, it is essential reading for researchers and students in applied linguistics and language education, as well as instructors, administrators, and curriculum and instructional designers.
As pointed out by the editors of this unusual volume, studying the development of contemporary Spain is important to understand the challenges, dynamics and limits of political and economic modernization. The contributors of Twisted Modernization bring the theoretical and methodological toolkit of modern political economy to study Spain's long run economic (industrialization) and institutional (capacity, constitutions) processes, the evolution of its economic, political and judicial elites, and how the country's institutional legacies condition its democracy and economic outcomes to this day. Including work from over a dozen of well-known specialists and grounded in novel and systematic data, this volume provides a sober assessment of both the country's achievements and worrying future challenges. It offers key insights on the causes of democratization and growth in general and provides a model for further research on the trajectories of other countries. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Offering a forward-looking and critical approach to International Business, this textbook demonstrates how multinational enterprises (MNEs) shape and are shaped by a rapidly changing global environment. Bringing together established theories, emerging critical perspectives, and interdisciplinary insights, the book equips students to understand contemporary MNEs' strategies, the roles and interests of key actors, and the geographic and firm-level structures of international business activity. Through rich real-world examples, integrative case studies, themed boxes, and review questions, the book bridges theory and practice, fostering deeper engagement and reflective learning. Students are encouraged not only to analyse international business phenomena, but also to consider their ethical, social, environmental, and political consequences. Instructors have access to adaptable teaching resources, including lecture slides, discussion guides, and sample answers. Written for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, International Business: A Critical Approach prepares future managers, researchers, and policymakers to understand, interrogate, and responsibly shape global business.
This book studies the emergence of large-scale structure from small structures in the context of random graphs. Typical large graphs with fixed edge density e and triangle density t are described by a 'graphon' that solves a constrained optimization problem. Proofs are provided of the existence of infinitely many open sets ('phases') in the (e,t) plane where the optimal graphon is unique and varies analytically with (e,t). The optimal graphons take a simple form, with symmetries that vary from phase to phase, indicating an emergent self-organization of the corresponding graphs. Besides being of independent interest in the theory of random graphs, extremal combinatorics and the calculus of variations, this provides a rigorous framework for studying ideas from statistical physics that have never been proven in their original setting. The techniques presented in this book can serve as a guide for optimization problems in other fields.
Victor Hugo's eminence as a writer is bolstered by his reputation for unbridled ambition, prolific talent, and virile sexuality, yet his work is deeply uncomfortable with these aggrandized notions of what it means to be a man. Rereading some of Hugo's most famous writing alongside lesser-known texts, Bradley Stephens reveals how the author of Les Misérables contests normative ideas of manhood in ways that are surprising and urgent for gender studies today. Although Hugo recognized the allure of 'greatness', his writing knowingly resists the patriarchal clichés that were being fastened onto his public image even before he was laid to rest in the Paris Panthéon as one of France's grands hommes in 1885. Hugo channelled nature's spontaneity to understand all forms and types as fluid, not fixed, and his aversion to categorical viewpoints and established hierarchies necessarily questions the binary logic of gender and its naturalization of men's social dominance.
This comprehensive introduction contains a thorough exploration of Radon transforms and related operators when the basic manifolds are the real Euclidean space, the unit sphere, and the real hyperbolic space. Radon-like transforms are discussed not only on smooth functions but also in the general context of Lebesgue spaces. Applications, open problems, and recent results are also included. The book will be useful for researchers in integral geometry, harmonic analysis, and related branches of mathematics. Fields of application include modern analysis, integral and convex geometry, and medical imaging. The text contains many examples and detailed proofs, making it accessible to graduate students and advanced undergraduates. The new edition includes four new chapters covering topics including integral geometry on lower-dimensional surfaces, tangency problems in integral geometry, and applications to convex geometry.
Long maligned as an unrelenting moralist, Ibsen is better understood as a writer who combined tragedy with comedy in unresolved tensions that revolutionized dramatic art. While most studies focus on the serious aspects of contemporary dramas like A Doll's House and Hedda Gabler, this book demonstrates how Ibsen integrated elements borrowed extensively from specific popular entertainments in these and other plays. Ellen Rees here offers the first ever empirical study of the repertoire Ibsen encountered while working as a theater practitioner between 1851 and 1864, upending most of what has been written about the theater culture he experienced. It critiques previous attempts to link Ibsen to the melodrama and the well-made play, arguing instead that Ibsen engaged parodically and intertextually with light musical comedy genres like the vaudeville, which directly influenced his rejection of idealism and embrace of realism. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Why do we judge an event to be a cause? Holger Andreas and Mario Günther offer a fresh answer: causation is epochetic dependence along an inferential path where each step genuinely depends on the cause. The dependence is called epochetic because the effect must be inferable from its cause after suspending judgment on both. This theory matches everyday judgment in virtually all scenarios, including the classic problems of overdetermination, preemption, and omissions. The authors go on to solve the problems of spurious and simultaneous causation and thereby develop a reductive theory of causation in the spirit of Hume. The book will be useful for students and researchers in philosophy, computer science, cognitive science, and law. It is a must read for anyone who wants to keep up to date with research on one of philosophy's great problems.
Attention to the body is an exciting emerging dimension of anthropological research. A collection of diverse conversations contributed by a global team of scholars, this Handbook is a state-of-the-field survey of the anthropology of the body, revealing dialogues between anthropological traditions that inform the study of the body. A focus on the body has animated subfields such as the anthropology of religion, medical anthropology, and the anthropology of performance, and rekindled interest in kinship and materiality. Chapters are organized around six central themes – flesh, motion, formation, knowledge, management, and entanglement – giving readers a holistic sense of the diverse analytical possibilities within the anthropology of the body. Showing the unique combinations that material and metaphorical aspects of the body take across different ethnographic and epistemic contexts, this Handbook is essential reading for students and scholars of social, cultural, and medical anthropology.
The third of three volumes, the four sections of this book cover a variety of issues important to analyzing data to produce high-quality, accurate conclusions from already-collected data. First, leading scholars from around the world provide a step-by-step guide to using several popular quantitative and qualitative statistical programs used throughout the social and behavioral sciences. The next section focused on several important considerations for preparing data for analysis. Many of these directly affect the quality of the data and the resulting conclusions, In the remainder of chapters, the various authors focus on various advanced statistical techniques. In section three, the focus is on those related to quantitative analysis. Section four then focuses on analyzing qualitative data. Throughout the book, examples and real-world research efforts from dozens of different disciplines are discussed. In addition, authors often provide example data and analytical code to facilitate learning of and application of each concept.
This textbook provides an interdisciplinary overview of international human rights issues, offering international coverage (especially the Global South). Fully revised and updated, this second edition considers the philosophical foundations of human rights, explores the interpretive difficulties associated with identifying what constitutes human rights abuses, and evaluates various perspectives on human rights. It then analyzes institutions that strive to promote and enforce human rights standards including the United Nations system, regional human rights bodies, and domestic courts. It also discusses a wide variety of substantive human rights issues including genocide, torture, capital punishment and other forms of punishment. In particular, it covers understudied topics such as socio-economic rights, cultural rights and environmental rights, and emerging issues, such as right to health and human rights and technology. It focuses on the rights of marginalized groups including children's rights, rights of persons with disabilities, women's rights, labor rights, Indigenous rights, and LGBTQ+ rights.
Incidents at Sea in US Diplomacy and International Law chronicles America's maritime struggles from 1798 to 2025, blending riveting historical narratives with in-depth legal analysis. This book chronicles pivotal maritime incidents in US history from 1798 to 2025, exploring US naval and diplomatic efforts to shape the law of the sea. Spanning 14 chapters, the book dissects key conflicts with France, Great Britain, the Barbary States, Germany, Russia, North Korea, North Vietnam, Cambodia, Libya, China and the Houthi forces in Yemen. These disputes highlight themes of freedom of navigation, innocent passage, neutral rights and protection of commerce, high seas freedoms, and gray zone coercion, armed attack and self-defense at sea. The incidents range from historical conflicts over neutral rights to contemporary challenges to freedom of navigation, which is a cornerstone of the US alliance system with NATO and key allies, including Australia, the Philippines, Korea and Japan.
This book explores relations between medicine and empire in the Roman world. It charts Rome's accumulation of medical resources in the Republic, bound up with the acquisition of territory and power, and then reveals the redistribution of those resources as part of the larger project of imperial consolidation after Augustus. It demonstrates the ways in which medicine – ideas and practices around health, disease and healing – supported the Roman imperial enterprise. From the medical care of large enslaved workforces and Roman armies to the hierarchies of medical practitioners in communities across the empire and the ordering of health and bodies. Rome was the medical and political capital of the Mediterranean. It was also the disease capital, and the integration of imperial territory by the second century CE not only established a unified (but not uniform) medical culture but also helped the spread of disease, culminating in the Antonine Plague.
An engaging and comprehensive introduction to phonetics and phonology, this textbook innovatively integrates extensive audio-visual materials and multiple language examples. Introducing the vocal tract, speech production and acoustic characteristics of speech, it describes major sound types attested in languages, covers key phonological concepts, and examines a range of sound and prosodic patterns. English is de-centered with all languages treated as equally worthy of study. Students are therefore exposed to data from a wide range of typologically diverse languages, many of which are indigenous, sourced from recent, rigorous language descriptions. Written in an accessible style with all technical terms clearly explained, students will gain an understanding of key concepts as well as practical skills in listening, transcribing, reading acoustic representations and doing phonological analysis. Pedagogical features include embedded audio and video in an enhanced interactive eBook, quizzes, key concept lists, suggestions for further reading and exploration, and approximately 100 original exercises.
The Cambridge Handbook of the Law of Networks, Platforms and Utilities offers a comparative and multi-sector analysis of the most important industries shaping people's lives, including transportation, communications, finance, energy, technology, and social infrastructure. Enterprises in these sectors are unlike other businesses because they form the basic infrastructure for commerce and society. Network, platform, and utility (NPU) enterprises tend toward monopoly or oligopoly, and often involve structurally unequal bargaining power because of economies of scale, network effects, special skills, and high capital costs. As a result, NPU enterprises around the world have generally been governed by distinctive legal regimes: public ownership, public utility regulation and oversight, or public options alongside private businesses. The Cambridge Handbook of the Law of Networks, Platforms and Utilities brings together leading scholars to capture the central themes and concepts in the field and describe how countries around the world govern NPU enterprises.
What is language and how does it work? The ability to use language is one of the most remarkable cognitive capacities humans possess. This book investigates, in a clear and accessible style, what is going on behind the words. Based on a rich literature of empirical research, Hilpert argues that human language emerges from a network of social and cognitive skills, such as categorization, joint attention, and analogical reasoning, which are not just used in language, but also in other domains of human cognition. Each chapter covers a different aspect of language and shows how these are all interlinked as part of a social and cognitive system, to show that ultimately, the foundations of language are not in themselves linguistic. For anyone who is curious about the human linguistic capacity, this fascinating book offers a compelling account of how language works, and how its complexity emerges from simpler components.
Religion made the theatre modern. Since the late nineteenth century, theatre theorists have asserted that drama's origins lie in religious ritual. In this ambitious study, Rebecca Kastleman traces the surprising effects of that claim for the modern and contemporary stage. Across lucidly written chapters, she tracks the 'modern drama of religion,' a movement rooted in both the many modern plays that engage directly with religion and the dramatic debut of new religious practices in the modern theatre. Such works serve as crucibles for catalyzing skepticism, dissolving some religious attachments and strengthening others. Modern playwrights' fascination with religion expanded the frontiers of theatrical experimentation, such that in modernity, the purported origin of theatre in religious ritual came to signify the cutting edge of artistic invention. Spanning drama, performance, modernism, and religious studies, this study powerfully reconfigures the relations between all these fields.
How do domestic socioeconomic conflicts and imperial legacies from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries continue to shape contemporary governance? This book offers a groundbreaking dual perspective on bureaucratic development. It challenges Max Weber's prediction of uniform bureaucratic rationalization by revealing that public administrations exhibit fundamental and lasting differences across advanced capitalist countries. This divergence originates in historical conflicts between social groups, producing outcomes that remain embedded in current institutions across various European countries and the United States. Moreover, using innovative research designs, including assessments of Poland and Romania's historical divisions based on rigorous spatial methods, Jan P. Vogler demonstrates that bureaucracies imposed by empires over a century ago still affect government efficiency, meritocracy, and state–citizen relations today. Beyond in-depth historical analyses, he provides key insights for policymakers. Specifically, readers will learn why bureaucratic reforms that ignore historical legacies will likely fail, enabling them to understand why administrative systems have not converged, but instead differ so markedly across seemingly similar countries.