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In Adam, Eve, and the Babylonian Origins of the Garden of Eden, Bruce Wells uncovers remarkable similarities between Adam and Eve and the oblates who worked for Babylonian temples of the sixth century BCE. Like Adam and Eve, oblates had to tend and protect divine orchards. They could eat some of the fruit, but not what was earmarked for the temple and the gods. Oblates were barred from special religious knowledge and could be punished severely for stealing divine property. Adam and Eve were but servants, modeled on this group of temple staff. Once they -- God's oblates -- eat the forbidden fruit, they are forever changed. They now posed a danger not only to themselves but also to the God who created them. Bruce Wells's book is the first to mine the Babylonian temple archives for the background knowledge assumed by the biblical author. It brings a new and fresh perspective to one of the Bible's best-known stories.
Second language (L2) pronunciation has gained growing attention among educators and researchers. New teacher training programmes, innovative teaching methods and resources are being developed, while research on L2 speech and pronunciation continues to expand. Once overlooked, pronunciation is now actively promoted in both teaching and research. With contributions from an international team of expert scholars, this innovative volume presents L2 pronunciation 'success stories', drawing on case studies that cover languages such as English, Japanese, and Spanish. It highlights effective practices in L2 pronunciation research that positively influence teaching and learning, with special emphasis placed on practical applications that improve intelligibility, increase classroom exposure to pronunciation and support autonomous learning. By showcasing research-informed teaching, this volume bridges the gap between research and pedagogy, encouraging the integration of evidence-based strategies into everyday teaching. It is essential reading for second language teachers, trainers, researchers, postgraduate students and materials developers.
In 1957, Chinese university students mobilised to share forbidden information about Khrushchev's secret speech and unrest in Eastern Europe. Responding to Mao's call to criticize the party, they did so in the belief that they were perfecting socialism. In the devasting campaigns that followed Mao's call, over 550,000 people were labelled 'rightists' by 1958, destroying lives for generations. Neither heroes nor villains, student participation in these campaigns ran across the political spectrum and represented impossible choices made under authoritarian pressure. Drawing on oral history, memoir, and archival documents, Yidi Wu recovers the history of a supressed student movement and reveals the full spectrum of participation in Mao's political campaigns in the late 1950s. Placing the movement in the context of activism from 1919 to 1989, Wu shows how students accessed information about the communist world, created communication networks across China, and the resonance of this movement in the present day.
Early modern English theatre encountered and reckoned with weather in myriad ways. Focusing on the period from 1563 to 1625, and using archival records, play-texts, and published accounts to trace theatrical histories of weather and weathering, Chloe Preedy considers how late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century players and playgoers might have reacted to extreme or everyday weather. Playing Weather explores individual playing companies' diverse experiences of and theatrical responses to specific meteorological phenomena: from Leicester's Men and a 1580 earthquake, to drought and the Queen's Men, floods and Strange's/Derby's Men, the King's Men and gale-force winds, and the freezing winters encountered by Lady Elizabeth's Men. Attending to the various imaginative, social, extractive, affective, and economic perspectives hinted at in extant performance records and in plays by authors including Shakespeare, Marlowe, Greene, and Beaumont and Fletcher, this approach reveals early modern theatre's profound ecological – and, especially, meteorological – enmeshment.
Addressing the full historical range of dystopian writing from the early nineteenth century to the present, this carefully curated collection of essays explores the shaping influence of major authors like George Orwell, Aldous Huxley, and Margaret Atwood alongside a number of rich and important texts by lesser-known and twenty-first-century writers. Chapters explore key themes including dictatorship and totalitarianism, the fear of revolution, anxiety about environmental collapse, misogyny, artificial intelligence and robotics, and imperialism as portrayed in literary dystopias. Focused primarily on the Anglo-American tradition, this Companion also features extensive discussion of European trends in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, as well as a full chapter on non-Western dystopian literature.
In recent years, studies of the workings of Greek comedy have developed substantially, and the present volume constitutes the first extended examination of comic elements in Plato's Socratic dialogues. Rather than focusing on Plato's theorising about comedy or his aesthetic criticism, the book examines his incorporation of generic features of comedy into his philosophy. By establishing the variety and ubiquity of this practice through multiple dialogues, the chapters demonstrate that comedy is intrinsic to Plato's philosophical project, such that any understanding of his philosophy must be forever attentive to comic connections. This is an important book for scholars of Greek literature as well as ancient philosophy.
Our current world order is in a period of rupture, marked by increasing geo-political competition. This rupture has entirely upended Europe's place in the world, leading it to seek greater strategic autonomy on the world stage. This book is devoted to exploring the impact of these momentous geo-political changes on Europe's legal order. As the book demonstrates, the search for strategic autonomy is increasingly upending many of our key assumptions about EU law, altering its goals, its constitutional underpinnings and key elements of its substantive law. Examining key emerging fields of EU law and policy, as well as the relation between the European, US, Chinese and international law orders, this book provides a first mapping of the emerging geo-political Europe and its reformed legal architecture. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Why do ethnic cleavages emerge under programmatic party competition? How Policies Create Electoral Cleavages offers a novel explanation that focuses on the impact of government policies on the incentives of voters to prioritize their ethnic identity over other interests and identities. Government policies that pose a threat or cause relative deprivation to co-ethnics in domains central to voters link their fates and drive them to seek out pro-ethnic candidates and parties. In the face of damaging policies, activists, political aspirants, and incumbents have powerful incentives to organize the emerging voter coalition into a new ethnic constituency and connect it to the party system. How Policies Create Electoral Cleavages tests this argument on multiple case studies in nineteenth century Prussia, Baden, and Bavaria, mid-twentieth century Belgium, and late twentieth century Israel. It shows that policies that were damaging to voters' material interests or social status drove their mobilization along ethnic lines.
Examining the period during which women's participation in literary marketplaces soared, Michelle Levy expands understandings of female authorship, moving beyond exceptional women writing in the major genres; of book trades, by tracing the importance of profit sharing and limited sale of copyright, by which authors benefited from reprinting; and of book history, by addressing the pervasive influence of gender on book culture during the long eighteenth century. Through detailed analysis of surviving publishers' archives and correspondence, she convincingly argues that women were actively involved in all decisions relating to the production, marketing, circulation, and reception of their books. Women in fact wrote not merely texts but books: they drafted with attention to the shape their writing would take in book form and were directly involved in the processes by which their words were transformed into material and commercial objects. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
From cosmology, to physics, to theology, Plato approached biological research as an opportunity to apply the full breadth of his wider scientific and philosophical principles. This step-by-step assessment of the comprehensive biological system developed in Plato's Timaeus establishes his status as a biological thinker, asserting his essential place in the history of science. In a philosophical tour of the human body, each chapter of this volume explores Plato's theories of a different system of the body, accompanied by an encyclopedic appendix of the tissues and organs of the body according to Plato. This exploration of Plato's biology enriches our understanding of his full philosophical worldview, providing answers to questions not only about the causes of diseases, but also about our relationship to nature and the divine, and about what it means to be human.
Ruling Racial Quotas Constitutional explores a 2012 decision in which the Brazilian supreme court unanimously upheld racial quotas for university admissions in a striking victory for Black social movements. Drawing on legal records, public hearings, and amicus briefs, the book reveals how Black activists shaped the court's reasoning which produced a transformative intersectional quota system for the racially and socio-economically disadvantaged. Interdisciplinary in scope, it combines history, law, discourse analysis, and politics explore the strategies of Black activists to persuade the court and open a path to constitutional and legislative innovation. Essential for scholars, students, and legal practitioners, it shows that the intersection of collective action and the law can produce substantive change even in highly unequal societies. The book also highlights the distinctive interpretations of equality, race, and social justice held by the Brazilian Supreme Court as it gained centrality in national politics in the 21st century.
The concept of power has long been a central yet contested part of the study of international relations. But power, like all other political concepts, has a history of its own. This book tells the story of how power among polities has been understood from the early modern era to the present day, arguing that conceptions of power in international politics have been characterized by significant continuities and swift ruptures during this period. It shows how notions of power have spread across cultures and evolved into an apple of discord that has drawn polities together into an international system premised on its uniformity and scarcity. Power Among Polities is the first intellectual history of power in international relations to date.
Network community detection is the science of identifying groups of vertices in complex networks, from communities of friends in social networks to functional analogues in protein interaction systems. This book offers a comprehensive exposition of network community detection, describing processes such as modularity optimization and statistical inference, and providing step-by-step treatments of the algorithms used to detect communities in temporal, multilayer, and other specific kinds of networks. The strengths and weaknesses of the primary methods are highlighted, allowing readers to identify the most suitable approach for their needs. A collection of complementary software is also freely available online, encouraging readers to experiment with a broad variety of tools. The book is well suited to graduate students and researchers in physics, computer science, mathematics, and engineering, and to those working in the social sciences and other disciplines that deal with complex networks.
Cable Empires uncovers the hidden communications infrastructure that helped shape the international legal order. From submarine telegraph cables to the fiber-optic systems that underpin today's digital economy, global communication networks linked distant territories, reshaped knowledge, and transformed governance across empires, markets, and states. Cable networks unsettled conventional understandings of jurisdiction and sovereignty, while enabling new forms of political and economic power beyond territorial borders. At the same time, their construction and operation depended on Indigenous labor, resource extraction, corporate and state capital, territorial access, and international law. Bridging international law, history, and science and technology studies, Cable Empires offers a new account of how communications infrastructure and technology were intertwined with the development of the international legal order. In an era marked by struggles over digital sovereignty and geopolitical rivalry, it offers insight into the material and historical foundations of contemporary power and the legal arrangements that sustain them.
This guidebook, the first of its kind, summarizes the state of the art in the field of epistemic gossip protocols. Gossip protocols are peer-to-peer communication protocols intended to maximize information dissemination while respecting network or transmission constraints. This comprehensive reference begins by presenting classical results on gossip protocols from networks and combinatorics from the 1970s and progresses through results in distributed computing up to the work on epistemic distributed gossip protocols of the past decade. In epistemic gossip protocols, agents make information-based choices to speed up information dissemination and allow smarter and more involved forms of distributed communication. Topics covered include various call semantics, reachability of secret distributions, dynamic gossip where secrets and numbers are exchanged, optimality, protocol knowledge, and higher-order epistemic goals. Featuring numerous exercises, this book from a lead researcher is an ideal resource for graduate students and researchers in logic, computer science, artificial intelligence, and cognitive science.
Life-saving vaccines have revolutionised the promotion of public health. Over the last 50 years, more than 150 million deaths have been averted by vaccines worldwide – a life saved every 10 seconds of every minute of every day. Many millions more have been protected from the life-long effects of potentially crippling diseases and their sequelae. This interdisciplinary atlas examines the geographical and demographic impact of vaccines and vaccination on the population of Britain since 1901. Richly detailed and beautifully illustrated, it is an indispensable reference work for those in public health, epidemiology, demography, economic history, geography, the history of medicine and cognate fields. With almost 200 full-colour maps, graphs and photographs, it also forms a highly accessible and engaging aid for the instruction of undergraduate and postgraduate students.