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Charles Rivera's study offers the first substantive comparison of the theologies of Origen of Alexandria and Ephrem of Nisibis, two towering figures of early Christian literature. Tracing the distinct approaches to grace in Origen and Ephrem, he argues that Origen uses grace (Greek charis) as a technical term for the gifts of the Spirit, whereas Ephrem uses grace (Syriac taybuta) to encompass divine attributes like goodness, mercy, and generosity. Tracing these different ideas of grace across topics from providence to divinization to the last judgment, Rivera demonstrates that Origen and Ephrem do not merely have different understandings of a shared concept. Rather, they use a shared key term to refer to two distinct theological ideas. Rivera's comparison of Origen and Ephrem thus suggests a re-evaluation of the diversity of views of grace not only in the Patristic period but in the Christian tradition more broadly, prompting a reconsideration of long-held assumptions of Christian theology.
Roman Satire and the Fall of Rome reveals the involvement of the satirist Juvenal in composing the history of Roman decline. He was perhaps the most fashionable classical author in England in the eighteenth century, when Edward Gibbon wrote The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776–88). Juvenal's satires enjoyed a similar level of notoriety among the Roman writers of late antiquity, who furnished Gibbon with the materials for his history. This book traces the reverberations of Juvenal's satirical rhetoric between these different periods. Ian Fielding offers detailed new readings of the responses to the satires in the works of Ammianus Marcellinus and Claudian, while also examining the responses to those responses in Gibbon's Decline and Fall. The complex case of Juvenal's reception shows how satire, the quintessentially Roman genre, has represented the problems of the Roman past as a warning for modern times.
This book offers a broad-ranging study of the Athenian stratēgoi in the fifth and fourth centuries BCE, combining an institutional approach with close analysis of command in practice. The commanders' numerous responsibilities at every stage of a campaign, from mustering troops to managing finances, point to considerable autonomy and authority exercised within the often loose boundaries of mandates issued by the Assembly. The analysis of extra-legal authority is shown to be consistent with this interpretation: personal authority shaped how individual stratēgoi exercised power and helps explain discrepancies in independence, attitude, and performance. The result is a fresh perspective on the stratēgoi that rethinks established scholarly interpretations, including their progressive professionalisation, the significance of individual agency, and the role of unmet expectations in their accountability. The volume situates Athenian commanders within broader contemporary debates on military leadership and the widely recognised non-institutional dynamics that regulated public life in Athens.
This book presents an accessible approach to an emerging theory of picture groups. Intended for graduate students and researchers, it explains the connections between several branches of algebra and topology, and demonstrates how they interact. It begins with foundational material on modulated quivers and their representations, cluster categories, and semi-invariants. The text then develops virtual analogues of classical results, allowing dimension vectors with negative coordinates. Finally, it defines the notion of a picture group associated to a semi-invariant picture, also introducing picture spaces which are CW-complexes constructed from semi-invariant pictures. For quivers of type $A_n$ the key theorem draws on K-theory and states that the associated picture space is a $K(G(A_n) , 1)$ connected CW-complex for the corresponding group $G(A_n)$ associated with the same quiver.
This Handbook provides the first comprehensive examination of the legal strategies around the world shaping sustainability in global value chains. Bringing together leading scholars, it maps how diverse legal disciplines (including corporate law, labour law, tax law, tort law, private law, environmental law, international law and more) conceptualise and regulate the complex architectures of cross-border production. Through a unifying analytical framework, the book reveals how fragmented regulatory approaches can complement one another, and how legal tools may address the environmental, social, and economic challenges that global production networks create and sustain. Covering jurisdictions across the globe and engaging with emerging regulatory instruments such as due diligence laws, sustainability reporting obligations, climate transition plans, and international taxation initiatives, this Handbook offers an indispensable resource for academics, policymakers, practitioners, and students concerned with responsible business conduct and sustainable development. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
The Late Ramesside Letters comprise over seventy surviving texts from the end of Egypt's New Kingdom, created by a community living around the Medinet Habu temple complex in western Thebes. These letters reveal how individuals negotiated varied social relationships and communicative norms, including interactions with the divine. By applying frameworks from (Im)politeness Research – such as Discernment Politeness, Facework, Politic Behaviour, Frame Theory, and Ritual – it is possible to reconstruct the underlying (im)politeness system that shaped all communication within this community. This approach highlights how specific linguistic patterns supported social harmony, managed tensions, and facilitated obligations to both people and gods. The analysis also identifies emerging phenomena that require new theoretical directions, such as the unique strategies used to maintain relationships with deities. Ultimately, the letters demonstrate that Power permeated every level of interaction, and its centrality within this linguaculture challenges modern assumptions about how Power operates in contemporary societies.
What is the moral foundation of human rights, justice, and the rule of law? In a time of deep cultural and political division, this volume charts the rich history of one of the most enduring ideas in Western thought: that moral and legal norms are rooted in human nature and accessible to reason. Spanning ancient, medieval, early modern, and contemporary traditions-including Islamic and African-American perspectives-the volume shows how Natural Law has evolved and how it continues to shape debates in ethics, politics, and jurisprudence. With chapters on Aristotle, Aquinas, Grotius, Locke, and the American Founders, as well as modern voices like Jacques Maritain and Martin Luther King, it offers both historical depth and philosophical clarity. Essential reading for students and scholars in philosophy, law, theology, and political theory, it invites readers to rediscover a tradition that speaks urgently to the moral challenges of our time.
Aquinas argues that, abstracting from divine revelation, God's existence can be argued for successfully, and that God is the source of the existence of all that is not divine for as long as it exists. His philosophical thought about God has been seminal for later thinkers, but can be hard to grasp as it is scattered across a broad range of his writings. This book provides a comprehensive and accessible single-volume account of Aquinas's philosophy of God which also evaluates it in the light both of various criticisms that have been made of it, and of philosophical thought more generally. It situates Aquinas's thinking about God in relation to major philosophers of the past and a number of important philosophers writing today, which will enable readers to understand Aquinas's philosophy of God in the context of centuries of philosophical thought.
In The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith set out a system for understanding why some societies prosper and others do not, and in the process founded the discipline of economics. In the 250 years since its publication, the world has transformed beyond recognition. Smith has also been reduced in the collective imagination to little more than a byword for the free market. The Wealth of Nations at 250 brings together today's most influential economists and economic historians to ask where Smith's system still holds, and where it needs new machinery. The task of rethinking what causes prosperity demands a return to the breadth of Smith's original vision, incorporating the cultural, institutional, and political foundations as well as the economic. Written in the spirit of Smith's own clarity, the book speaks to anyone interested in how and why nations prosper. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Like blame, praise has historically been considered one of the defining aspects of morality. Yet unlike blame, praise has received comparatively little dedicated attention in the philosophical canon. Does this emphasis on the negative tell us something about the nature of morality, or is it an accidental feature of the history of philosophy? This volume is the first collection of its kind to include state of the art discussions of the morality of praise as that topic relates to central issues in moral and political theory. Topics addressed in the volume include how the morality of praise relates to the morality of blame; how the apt praise of agents relates to their praiseworthiness; whether agents can be praiseworthy for their beliefs; how the morality of praise is affected by questions about autonomy, identity and luck, and the relationship between praise and distributive justice. The essays in this collection will be of interest to students and researchers in philosophy as well as to the general reader with an interest in questions of moral responsibility.
The linguistic landscape has shifted considerably over the last twenty years, making it increasingly less clear how the key components of language (phonology, syntax, and semantics) communicate and interact with one another. With contributions from a team of renowned scholars, this volume addresses this gap by offering an interdisciplinary account of the current state of knowledge on linguistic interfaces. Chapters are split into five parts, and provide detailed, cutting-edge overviews of the main theoretical approaches to how grammatical components interact. The volume also includes in-depth descriptions of the empirical domains and individual phenomena in which the interface between syntax, semantics, and phonology becomes more informative, along with their psycholinguistic implications for processing and acquisition. Combining empirical data with theoretical analysis, it enables readers to assess and compare linguistic phenomena from multiple perspectives. It is essential reading for researchers and advanced students in syntax, morphology, semantics, pragmatics, phonetics and phonology.
This book rethinks how we understand tyrannical rule in the ancient world. Challenging the conventional notion of tyranny as a uniform model of autocracy, it reveals a spectrum of tyrannical types – or patterns – based on language, behavior, and storytelling in Greek historians. Drawing on literary, archaeological, and epigraphic evidence, it employs a historical-anthropological approach to show how Greek authors constructed and debated the image of the tyrant. Ranging from the Archaic to the Hellenistic period and from mainland Greece and Asia Minor to the Black Sea region, North Africa, and southern Italy and Sicily, Marcaline Boyd situates these portrayals in their wider historiographic and historical contexts. She highlights how tyranny intersected with political authority, legitimacy, and moral order. The book illuminates the diversity, instability, and narrative construction of tyrannical power, offering fresh insight into the complexity of Greek political history and thought.
Ninety years ago an international war against fascism was fought, and lost, in Spain. Defeat triggered a World War that drove back the Nazi empire and its collaborators, but the progressive dream of more equal societies which antifascists had fought for in Spain was afterwards paralysed by a conservative Cold War order everywhere. Helen Graham vividly tells this history through the interconnected lives of five diverse activists and creatives who defended democracy in Spain and were afterwards scattered across continents by continuing war, political repression and the Holocaust. With courageous imagination they transformed their losses into new ways of living and resisting. As the stakes rise again today, the urgency of reconnecting with these lives redoubles: in the face of 'post-truth' advances, this book testifies to forensic history as a form of resistance, and to the lasting importance of Spain's faraway war that remains forever near.
This gentle introduction to the most important techniques in natural language processing uses a unified mathematical and algorithmic framework and gradually increases in complexity. Topics covered range from n-gram language models to large language models (LLMs), from perceptron to deep learning, from text classification to structured prediction (e.g., sequence labelling, segmentation, and parsing) and generation, and from discrete representation to neural representation of linguistics structures. This book provides a comprehensive overview of NLP, making it ideal for upper undergraduate and graduate students in computer science and a valuable reference for researchers and engineers. Exercises of varying difficulty are provided as well as teaching slides and tutorial videos. The new edition features three new chapters on pre-trained language models and large language models as well as a new preliminary chapter overviewing data and model as a framework for NLP methods.
This is the first comprehensive study of the imperial admission, a daily ritual in which the elite greeted the emperor. It covers the period from Augustus to the fifth century and thus breaks down traditional periodisation in order to explore the admission in the longue durée. Mads Ortving Lindholmer reconstructs the details and development of this ritual and adopts an anthropological approach to reveal its centrality to the construction and performance of imperial power and legitimacy as well as to elite hierarchy. He also explores how a variety of writers challenged or supported the self-presentation of the emperor in the admission by creating literary representations of this ritual. Overall, the book provides new insights into the daily workings of imperial power and sheds new light on the long-term development of the Roman Empire.
This book challenges the conventional narrative that the 1970s were a fundamental watershed between two seamless economic policy paradigms in postwar United Kingdom, Keynesianism and neoliberalism. Drawing on extensive archival research, José Tomás Labarca highlights heterogeneity and discontinuity in postwar economic policymaking rather than consensus. The book argues that there was no seamless Keynesian economic policy epoch, challenging widespread misconceptions about excessive government spending in the 1960s and 1970s to offer a novel interpretation of shrinking policy space in the 1970s. Centering the multidimensional politics of official knowledge, Labarca provides an original analysis of how conflicts between competing government elite coalitions drove fragmented policy change before and after the 1970s. While most research focuses exclusively on the politics of economic ideas, Fragmented Policy Change proves that not only economic but also organizational and bureaucratic ideas, processes, and interests influence the evolution of relatively (in)coherent policy regimes.
Maximilien Robespierre was one of the most important politicians and political thinkers of the French Revolution, both celebrated and reviled. His speeches reveal elaborate and important political theories and are all the more important because he did not write a political treatise or core text. This volume offers the fullest and most scholarly edition in English of a wide array of Robespierre's revolutionary speeches from 1789 to his death in 1794. Edited with an introduction by leading scholars in the field, Colin Jones and Stephen W. Sawyer, the collection provides the resources for an in-depth exploration of Robespierre's political thought. Robespierre's speeches throw new light on the ideas and actions of the political figure of the French Revolution who has perhaps more than any other fascinated later generations.
Charting the history of the Ottoman Empire through a wide range of primary sources dated from 1300 to 1920, this sourcebook renders Ottoman history newly accessible to beginners. The 73 texts represent the most comprehensive offering of Ottoman sources published for the classroom, translated from Turkish, Arabic, Persian, Greek and Armenian. The selected texts range from chronicles to treaties, poetry and folk tales to essays, and biography to legal court registers, imperial orders, and financial records. Each source is accompanied by a short contextual introduction and study questions; maps and illustrations immerse students in the diverse Ottoman world. Suitable for either a one-semester or two-semester course, Reading Ottoman History will serve as an ideal accompaniment to popular textbooks such as Douglas A. Howard's A History of the Ottoman Empire, offering students vivid inside views of the political, military, economic, social, cultural and religious history of the Ottoman Empire.