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Life-saving vaccines have revolutionised the promotion of public health. Over the last 50 years, more than 150 million deaths have been averted by vaccines worldwide – a life saved every 10 seconds of every minute of every day. Many millions more have been protected from the life-long effects of potentially crippling diseases and their sequelae. This interdisciplinary atlas examines the geographical and demographic impact of vaccines and vaccination on the population of Britain since 1901. Richly detailed and beautifully illustrated, it is an indispensable reference work for those in public health, epidemiology, demography, economic history, geography, the history of medicine and cognate fields. With almost 200 full-colour maps, graphs and photographs, it also forms a highly accessible and engaging aid for the instruction of undergraduate and postgraduate students.
International institutions, from the WTO to the UN Security Council, face mounting legitimacy challenges. Reforms promising greater procedural fairness are frequently proposed as solutions, but do they actually work? 'After Reform' provides the first systematic empirical answer to this question. Drawing on an original dataset of more than 9,500 legitimacy statements made by member states across three major institutions, Vegard H. Tørstad evaluates how procedural-fairness reforms shape states' perceptions of institutional legitimacy over time. Through in-depth case studies of participation reform in the UNFCCC climate negotiations, impartiality reform in GATT/WTO dispute settlement, and transparency reform in the UN Security Council, this book shows that reform effects are real but uneven — and identifies the conditions under which reforms are most likely to succeed. With multilateralism under unprecedented strain, 'After Reform' offers acutely timely new theoretical insights and concrete policy lessons for how to design international cooperation.
Sleep medicine and dream science have long been dominated by empirical approaches. Volume 2 of this handbook highlights emerging theories of sleep disorders and the role of social and environmental factors in sleep health, showing how conceptual models guide effective application of empirical work. Featuring contributions from leading experts, chapters examine mechanisms of sleep regulation, functions of sleep and dreaming, and present diverse frameworks side by side, outlining core assumptions, mechanisms, and implications before addressing deeper complexities. Designed for students, researchers, and clinicians across sleep science, neuroscience, psychology, biology, and medicine, the handbook invites critical engagement with models and reflection on how they shape contemporary understanding and research.
Stoic physics is an early physicalist philosophy which explains the world in terms of bodies and their interactions. This worldview is combined with a distinctive theology in which an omnipresent deity crafts the world. The details of early Stoics' views are handed down to us by second-hand ancient sources, including critics, doxographers, and later Stoics, and the second-hand nature of these reports sometimes obscures the original theory. By focusing on evidence that preserves the views of the early leaders-Zeno, Cleanthes, and Chrysippus-this book identifies the most important bodies in Stoic physics, including matter and substance, the four elements, pneuma, and the cosmos itself. It examines the metaphysical relationships between these bodies, and explains how the Stoics' god fits into their cosmology. The book aims to make the ancient Stoic worldview understandable to a contemporary audience, while developing and defending new interpretations of Stoicism that will advance the discussion among specialists.
Since the EU has been confronted with multiple crises, scholars have debated the consequences from the viewpoint of integration, disintegration, or differentiated integration. This book takes a different perspective. Rather than focusing on macro-structures, it highlights the ongoing contestation and balancing of power in everyday policymaking. These processes lead to incremental, often hidden informal institutional change rather than overall Treaty amendments. They unfold in European legislation under the Community Method, in intergovernmental politics, administrative policymaking, and court proceedings and often link all these venues. The book analyses and empirically describes different conflicts, strategies, and processes through which actors respond to power imbalances in policymaking and seek to reshape rules and patterns of interaction. The authors argue that this enduring balancing of power is essential to the EU's resilience, as it compels actors to respond to challenges and find institutional solutions, particularly in a fast-changing international order.
Mental health professionals know firsthand how societal stigma may prevent many individuals from seeking care. What has been discussed less, however, is the experience of mental health providers who themselves are dealing with a serious mental illness. This book aims to educate readers about the contributions of and discrimination against mental health professionals who manage mental health challenges, providing support and proposing new avenues for research, advocacy, and organizational change. Each chapter features a comprehensive review of the relevant empirical literature, brought to life through personal narratives. Many also provide strategic recommendations for addressing the systemic impact of exclusion and stigma on the mental health profession and broader culture as a whole. Designed for academic educators, clinicians, and researchers, as well as individuals managing mental health challenges, this volume is a valuable resource for undergraduate and graduate courses in diversity, disability, mental health, as well as industrial and organizational psychology.
Literary forms are ways of doing work through the repeated arrangement of linguistic elements. Reading history and forms such as aesthetics with Burke, Kames, and Young, larch-planting and the picturesque with Wordsworth, irrigation and the pastoral with Shelley, and labour management and the lyric with Clare, this original study shows how romanticism was the acculturation of agricultural improvement's poetic infrastructure. This infrastructure is a historically specific set of such forms and their associated physical media and social practices. Both are made from everyday language-uses and are not unique to – though they receive unique attention in – literature, which makes literature necessary for understanding their historical change and their role in other historical changes. Examining contemporary agricultural case studies, Nathan TeBokkel shows that romanticism was conditioned by and then enfolded into the infrastructure concerned with nature, labour, their management, and their improvement, thereby remaining paradigmatic in these fields to the present day.
For decades, the US assumed ideas would naturally flow from research into commercialization. That assumption no longer holds. As Anne Marie Knott shows, the US innovation system is no longer fit for purpose in an age of great-power rivalry. Since 1980, American R&D productivity has fallen dramatically, while China has become far better at turning R&D into growth. Why? Because the two countries operate from fundamentally different models of innovation. The United States follows a 'river' logic: produce frontier science and trust the market to carry discoveries downstream. China follows a 'lake' logic: absorb, develop, diffuse, and capture value. Drawing on new empirical research and a widely applicable measure of R&D productivity, Knott challenges seven myths shaping US innovation policy and offers a reform agenda built less on new spending than on using existing tools far more effectively. The result is a provocative account of innovation, growth, and national power.
Peirce is often considered a difficult and obscure thinker: “flashes of brilliant light relieved against Cimmerian darkness,” quipped William James. In this book, Claudia Cristalli dispels some of these dark clouds with plain language and by bringing to the fore some of the actual problems with which Peirce engaged, including the reliability of our observations and of our knowledge; the nature of error; why should we choose science as a method to fix belief; and whether knowledge is independent of our ways of acquiring it. These issues are still relevant today, and Peirce's way of addressing them becomes much clearer when set in the context of his scientific practice. This book is the first in-depth account of Peirce's engagement with psychology and its role in his overarching philosophical project and will be valuable for scholars and students interested in the history and philosophy of psychology and in American pragmatism.
Why do some entrepreneurial ecosystems thrive through global connection while others stagnate behind national borders? Banu Ozkazanc-Pan argues that ecosystems are not local formations but transnational - shaped by the movement of people, ideas, and identities across geographies and cultures. Drawing on transnational migration studies, she introduces a powerful new analytic framework built around transnational social fields, historical conjunctural analysis, and mobility methods. The framework centres on three scales of original research: in-depth interviews with eighteen globally mobile founders; a richly detailed case study of the Cambridge Innovation Center across five countries; and a geopolitically charged analysis of Taiwan's Asia Innovation Hub navigating the US–China technology rivalry. Timely and theoretically bold, Entrepreneurial Ecosystems confronts the shadow side of mobility - rising anti-immigration politics and immobility regimes - and asks whose voices shape entrepreneurship theory. Essential reading for scholars, policymakers, and practitioners seeking to understand innovation in a world on the move.
As geopolitical tensions, digital proxy conflicts, and social divisions around DEI and ESG intensify, the Cambridge Handbook of Nonmarket Strategy in a Global Context provides a strategic, proactive roadmap for maintaining corporate legitimacy. Offering a comprehensive 360-degree perspective, the handbook examines how businesses can successfully navigate today's uncertain socio-political environment. Covering cutting-edge topics such as AI and digital disruption, CEO activism, and grand challenges including climate change, it bridges complex theoretical perspectives – such as institutional theory – with practical applications for strategy consultants and practitioners. Featuring contributions from leading experts across six continents, the handbook addresses the unique challenges facing both advanced and emerging economies. Drawing on perspectives from political science, law, sociology, and international relations, this is an essential resource for mastering the evolving interplay between business, policy, and society.
Germany is an environmental pathbreaker among industrial societies, maintaining its export-driven economy while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and committing to carbon-neutrality by 2045. Yet it was ordinary citizens rather than bureaucrats or industry who generated its most durable policy solutions. Drawing on a range of case studies from the twentieth century to the present, Carol Hager and Thomas M. Lekan show how local residents combined social and ecological agendas and often defied government officials or corporate interests. These citizens promoted renewable energy, accessible public transportation, sustainable housing, biosphere reserves, and urban green spaces. Each chapter advances a three-pronged understanding of Germany's sustainability culture anchored by a deep sense of place; a 'do-it-yourself' mentality; and the generative power of conflict. By showing how a highly industrialized country became ecologically wiser, this study seeks to re-energize conversations about climate action and green transitions in societies across the globe.
From the last decades of the Roman Republic to the establishment of the Trajanic monarchy, the period 50 BC to AD 100 was a period of constitutional and cultural change in the Roman world. Our main literary accounts of this period of transformation – the narratives of Appian, Tacitus, Cassius Dio and Suetonius, subtle and insightful they may be, were all written with the benefit of hindsight. Moreover, they were products of a literary and political culture which was distinct from that which they were describing. This volume attempts to locate an earlier phase. Taking authors ranging in time from Cornelius Nepos to the author of Luke-Acts, the chapters in this volume ask what their texts reveal about the ways in which writers thought about monarchy or monarchical systems, how they were influenced by earlier traditions, and how they responded to the monarchical reality of their own times.
Symmetry plays a crucial role across various scales in physics-from the fundamental particles that comprise matter to the intricate shapes of snowflakes. The ubiquity of these symmetries poses a pivotal question: if life arises as an emergent property from physics, what prevents symmetry from also explaining the architectures of biological, or even artificial, life? This book addresses the question by introducing a new geometry for 'living' networks, drawing inspiration from Grothendieck's fibrations in category theory. The traditional, restrictive symmetry groups of physics are replaced with symmetry fibration, a novel notion which is both local and adaptable to evolutionary pressures. This provides an effective framework for understanding biological complexity, translating the once inscrutable AI 'black box' into an interpretable 'colored box' rich with symmetry. Featuring numerous cutting-edge applications from genomics, neuroscience and AI, this text is ideal for graduate students and researchers in mathematical biology, machine learning and network science.
This pioneering comparative study provides the first quantitative, large-scale, cross-language analysis of subject pronoun variation, with a dataset representing more than 1000 speakers, twenty-four communities, and 6 languages: Persian, Spanish, European and Brazilian Portuguese, Mandarin, and Swabian. Over 250,000 sites of pronominal variation are analysed to reveal community-specific and universal patterns of pronoun use, providing readers with key insights into how communities vary in their characteristic rates of pronoun use and in their sensitivity to linguistic and social conditioning factors. The project employs a range of quantitative measures, statistical techniques, and visualization tools to assist readers in investigating pronominal variation from cognitive, linguistic, and social perspectives. The book includes a freely downloadable R Markdown Project for readers to use in replicating and extending the methods provided to their own projects.