Chapter 5 addresses the application of the law on disfigurement from the point of view of employers. It analyses the findings from interviews with HR and EDI professionals about their approaches to disfigurement equality at work. It explores employer approaches to visible difference in a variety of contexts – from recruitment to workplace culture to making reasonable adjustments. This chapter reveals considerable uncertainty among employers about how to address the social barriers of looking different. This uncertainty is addressed by guidance in Appendix 1. Moreover, drawing on literature about the legal consciousness of human resources departments, it also uncovers tensions in the daily reality of HR practice which may impact both their ability and motivation to create appearance-inclusive workplaces.

Since the initial clinical delineation of catatonia in 1874, two distinct conceptual frameworks have emerged: one viewing catatonia as a psychomotor disorder, rooted in Kahlbaum’s legacy, and the other interpreting it as a primarily motor phenomenon, aligned with the perspectives of Kraepelin and Bleuler. This historical dichotomy is reflected in contemporary investigations into the pathophysiological mechanisms of catatonia. Neuroimaging studies utilizing motor and behavioral rating scales, such as the Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale, have highlighted alterations in dopamine-mediated cortical and subcortical motor circuits – specifically the basal ganglia, supplementary motor area, primary motor cortex, and cerebellum – as key neuronal correlates of catatonia. In contrast, studies employing the Northoff Catatonia Rating Scale, a scale integrating affective, motor, and behavioral criteria within a psychomotor framework, have identified disruptions in higher-order frontoparietal networks, including the prefrontal, orbitofrontal, and primary motor cortices, as well as the limbic system. These networks appear to be dysregulated by imbalances in glutamatergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid transmission, underscoring the complex interplay between motor, affective, and cognitive domains in the pathophysiology of catatonia. This chapter introduces the pathophysiology of catatonia from a systemic (network-based) perspective, irrespective of its association with mental or medical disorders.

Practice single-best-answer questions on women’s health, representing all presentations and conditions listed by the GMC in their content map for the MLA AKT, and referred to by the keywords in this book. All questions are specifically tailored to the level of knowledge required for foundation clinical practice in the UK, and comprehensive in breadth, separating out the different conditions and presentations listed by the GMC, and covering them all. Not only are correct answers provided, but also explanations for all the available answer options. Every question is supported by an individual topic in the companion book which is specifically authored to cover the knowledge required for foundation clinical practice in the UK.

The introduction presents the book’s object (Hispanic-technocratic ideology) and subject (Latin American conservatives), and elaborates on key historiographic concepts, including fascism, post-fascism, corporatism, and neoliberalism. In turn, it discusses the book’s historical framework, namely the Cold War, and equips the reader with a straightforward theoretical toolkit for discussing the concepts of “ideology” and “mythology,” as well as their differences.

This chapter builds upon the previous chapters, applying the method of combining probability theory with Hamiltonian mechanics. To do so, one needs to build a meaningful sample space over states, in this case, quantum states. A substantial part of the chapter discusses how to construct these quantum states out of which one can build a sample space on which to apply a probability measure. Vector states and density operators are introduced and various worked examples are proposed. Once the quantum sample space is identified, the equilibrium quantum statistical mechanics is formulated. The ‘particle in a box’ problem turns out to be analytically intractable, unless we take a certain limit called the semi-classical limit. Heuristics as to what this limit means are proposed. Finally, the von Neumann (quantum) entropy is introduced and analogies with thermodynamics are made. An application to the heat capacity of solids is presented. As complement, the chapter also introduces a classical ‘ring-polymer’ analog of quantum statistical mechanics stating the formal equivalence between a one-particle quantum canonical system and an N-particle classical canonical system.

The creation of the KCIR has often been deemed a hasty reaction to coal strikes in late 1919. Although the KCIR was proposed, debated, and brought into operation in mere weeks, it was carefully designed. Drawing from archival evidence, this chapter shows that the leading judges and attorneys in Kansas had a substantial private role in drafting the KICA. Their guidance maximized the KCIR’s overall powers of compulsion, achieved symmetry in the court’s power over labor and capital, and assured that the KCIR would pass muster in the state’s courts and weather inevitable federal litigation. This design, long on legal power but short on economic expertise, closely reflected three political beliefs shared by its designers: industrial conflict was a form of extralegal violence that a sufficiently strong government was obliged to suppress; the socially evolutionary quality of the common law made courts superior to administrative agencies in solving major policy problems; and labor unions, as a form of collective self-defense under conditions of industrial anarchy, could be superseded by a system of civil industrial justice if courts were made sufficiently accessible, fast, and inexpensive.

The virtues whose function is to regulate impulses, emotions, thoughts, and habits in the interest of larger purposes, including ethical ones, are courage, patience, perseverance, and self-control. They have a different grammar from the virtues of caring. Because they are not concerns, they are not defined by the motives or reasons for action or emotion that such concerns supply. Instead, they are differentiated by the kind of impulses that they manage. The situations they address are not outward, like the ones to which the virtues of caring respond, but are states of the self. Thus, self-control is the paradigm. They contribute to our integrity, our self-possession, and our freedom as authors of our character. They don’t in themselves have moral worth, are often used for non-moral purposes, and may even be used for evil. But in the context of good character they function in support of the virtues of caring.

Here we return to discrete Markov processes, but this time with continuous-time processes. We first consider, study, and solve specific examples such as Poisson processes, divergent birth processes, and birth-and-death processes. We derive the master equations for their probability distributions, and derive and discuss important solutions. In particular, we deepen the theory of Feller for divergent birth processes. In the end we formally study the general case of Markov processes in the stationary case, writing down the forward and the backward Kolmogorov master equations.

Genealogical inquiries – most broadly – give us an account of why we have become self-estranged, so far from being at home with ourselves, so that we might yet become more self-aware. For this reason, as I show in this Introduction, genealogical investigations hold out a distinctive promise: to bring into reflective awareness the systems that organize our subjective experiences but do not even threaten to cross “the threshold of consciousness,” as Nietzsche puts it (GM I 1). I then set out the main claims of the book: Nietzsche’s genealogical work aims to render us less obscure to ourselves, to liberate us from those value systems that no longer serve our interests, and to show us how we might come to feel differently about ourselves, even less prone to shame. How is this to be achieved? This book provides an answer to that question.