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Many of the words that this book uses with precise definitions are in common usage with definitions that are less precise. Common usages and their limitations are illustrated and discussed in this chapter in order to prepare the reader for more precise definitions.
This chapter highlights the recent burst of controlled, scientific research on medical and non-medical uses of psychedelic drugs and MDMA to improve individual welfare, and argues that this research should be extended to couples in romantic relationships. It questions the line between ‘drugs’ and ‘medicine’ and argues that such distinctions often reflect dubious social and historical factors, rather than a clear-eyed assessment of actual benefits and harms. It introduces the idea that love drugs might help strengthen certain relationships, and that anti-love drugs might help other relationships end. But there are serious risks that might be associated with such drugs, and the wider social implications will be hard to predict. To minimize this risk and uncertainty, careful ethical deliberation and nuanced policy measures will be key.
According to Kant, citizenship amounts to freedom (Freiheit), equality (Gleichheit), and civil self-sufficiency (Selbständigkeit). This Element provides a unifying interpretation of these three elements. Vrousalis argues that Kant affirms the idea of interdependent independence: in the just society, citizens have independent use of their interdependent rightful powers. Kant therefore thinks of the modern state as a system of cooperative production, in which reciprocal entitlements to one another's labour carry a justificatory burden. The empirical form of that ideal is a republic of economically independent commodity producers. It follows that citizenship and poverty, for Kant, are inextricably connected. Vrousalis explains how Kant's arguments anticipate Hegel's discussion of the division of labour, Marx's account of alienated labour, and Rawls' defence of a well-ordered society. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
explores the infancy of graphic design education in the interwar period and traces the lineage of Italian graphic design to typography and the printing trades. Focusing on the vocational school, Scuola del Libro, it argues that practitioners’ interest in education attests to the growing confidence and self-awareness of the practice, and that the development of a specialist language as well as practitioners’ agreement on a shared body of skills and knowledge demonstrate the gradual shaping of a new collective identity. The chapter positions the Scuola del Libro at the centre of heated debates on education and on the modernisation of Italian graphics, and demonstrates that different interest groups used the school to promote conflicting agendas. It provides a nuanced picture by building the analysis around key moments of change. Drawing a comparison between the commercial art course at ISIA, the school of decorative and applied arts, in Monza and the Scuola del Libro, the chapter shows that differences between the two accounted for the undefined position of graphic design caught in between affiliated fields of practice: typography and printing, on the one hand, and commercial and poster art, on the other.
In Western democracies the decision to go to war is made in ways that ensure decision-makers can be held accountable. In particular, bureaucracies rely on the production of a range of documents such as records of meetings to ensure accountability. Inserting AI into the decision-making process means finding ways to make sure that AI can also be held accountable for decisions to resort to force. But problems of accountability arise in this context because AI does not produce the type of documents associated with bureaucratic accountability: it is this gap in documentary capacity which is at the core of the troubling search for accountable AI in the context of the decision to go to war. This paper argues that the search for accountable AI is essentially an attempt to solve problems of epistemic uncertainty via documentation. The paper argues that accountability can be achieved in other ways. It adopts the example of new forms of evidence in the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia (ICTY) to show that epistemic uncertainty can be resolved and accountability apportioned without absolute epistemic certainty and without documentation in the sense commonly associated with accountability in a bureaucratic context.
develops two lines of argument: first, it suggests that for Milan’s graphic designers teaching was a means of collectively defining their practice; secondly, it argues that in the post-war period education was a key factor in the broader quest to imbue design with social value and cultural meaning. The Scuola del Libro and the Convitto Scuola Rinascita serve as case studies to explore the experimental intermediate phase of design education in Italy and for investigating the social values and political stance acquired by both design education and practice in post-war Milan. There taught a community of practitioners who furthered the ongoing articulation of Italian graphic design practice by contributing to transnational exchanges on design pedagogy and practice. Looking at international design conferences, design organisations, magazines and educational experiences abroad, the chapter shows how domestic and international debates over the economic and cultural impact of design mirrored a growing interest in design education. Macro historical narratives are approaches through the lenses of design education and practice with a focus on the Cold War rewriting of the Bauhaus legacy and the constructed nature of post-war discourses around modernism.
So much of our lives has been subsumed by drugs and medicine—do we really need another ‘pill’ to add to the mix? This brief epilogue argues that the answer is, actually, no. We need fewer, but better drugs—drugs with less severe side-effects, and more power to genuinely improve our well-being. The potential of MDMA and some psychedelics to replace a range of harmful medications is discussed, with a renewed call for high-quality research into this possibility as applied to relationships.
In this article, we maintain that the anticipated integration of artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled systems into state-level decision making over whether and when to wage war will be accompanied by a hitherto neglected risk. Namely, the incorporation of such systems will engender subtle but significant changes to the state’s deliberative and organisational structures, its culture, and its capacities – and in ways that could undermine its adherence to international norms of restraint. In offering this provocation, we argue that the gradual proliferation and embeddedness of AI-enabled decision-support systems within the state – what we call the ‘phenomenon of “Borgs in the org”’ – will lead to four significant changes that, together, threaten to diminish the state’s crucial capacity for ‘institutional learning’. Specifically, the state’s reliance on AI-enabled decision-support systems in deliberations over war initiation will invite: (i) disrupted deliberative structures and chains of command; (ii) the occlusion of crucial steps in decision-making processes; (iii) institutionalised deference to computer-generated outputs; and (iv) future plans and trajectories that are overdetermined by past policies and actions. The resulting ‘institutional atrophy’ could, in turn, weaken the state’s responsiveness to external social cues and censure, thereby making the state less likely to engage with, internalise, and adhere to evolving international norms of restraint. As a collateral effect, this weakening could contribute to the decay of these norms themselves if such institutional atrophy were to become widespread within the society of states.
Starting from Adam Ant’s make-up and costume design for the 1981 single ‘Stand and Deliver’, Chapter 2 explores the role of masculinity and heroism in 1980s Britain. Adam Ant portrayed a composite time-travelling warrior hero The 1980s heralded new historical approaches to military identity, popular memory and the role of popular culture. The jingoism around the Falklands War shook some historical certainties about nationalism. This chapter takes Adam Ant’s performance personas – dandy, highway man and Prince Charming – as an entry point for discussion about military identities, masculinity and popular culture. The costumes and music videos at the heart of his career can be understood within established myths and public memories of war. Solider heroes, the SAS and H. Jones, for example, were caught up in the same stories, myths and memories as Adam Ant’s Prince Charming. These warrior heroes and their soldiers’ stories provided Britain opportunities to talk through the experiences, memories and resonances of militarised culture. They became ways to criticise, celebrate and identify the relationship between the government, the people and the military. Heroes are made, not by their deeds, but by the stories that are told about them. The pop icon and the soldier hero worked together to populate these stories. Both were produced and disseminated through popular culture in the forms available in films, videos, computer games, music, television fact and fiction, toys, clothes and material culture. Together these forms of popular culture regenerated stories of heroes and mediated them for a new audience.
The purpose of this Element is to introduce the study of later Roman law (Byzantine law) to a wider academic audience. Currently a great deal of specialized knowledge is necessary to approach the field of Byzantine law. This Element works to break down the barriers to this fascinating subject by providing a brief, clear introduction to the topic. It makes a scholarly contribution by placing Byzantine law in a broader perspective and by reconsidering some of the aspects of the study of Byzantine law. The Element places Byzantine law outside of the box by comparing, for example, Byzantine law to the European legal tradition and highlighting the role that Byzantine law can have in unravelling the common legal past of Europe. It gives also information on the status of Byzantine legal studies and makes suggestions on how to study Byzantine law and why.
This Element explores the formal and conceptual foundations of phase space formulations of classical and quantum mechanics. It provides an overview of the core mathematical and physical content of Hamiltonian mechanics, stochastic phase space mechanics, contact Hamiltonian mechanics, and open and closed quantum mechanics on phase space. The formal material is unified via three interpretative themes relating to structured possibility spaces, Liouville's theorem and its failure, and the classical and quantum notions of open and closed systems. This Element book is intended for researchers and graduate students in the philosophy and foundations of physics with an interest in the conceptual foundations of physical theory.
This Element focuses on the role of interactive technologies in enhancing pre-service teachers' engagement with learning in online environments. It begins with a brief overview of the current state of teacher education, focusing on online teaching. This is followed by analysing the concept of engagement, underscoring its importance for pre-service teachers studying online. The Element explores various dimensions of engagement – cognitive, behavioural, affective, and other – and how interactive technologies can enhance these dimensions in online learning. A key feature of this Element is its exploration of key challenges that teacher educators and pre-service teachers encounter when using interactive technologies with practical recommendations for addressing them. The concluding section shifts the focus to the future, offering recommendations for how teacher education can use interactive technologies to 'grow' teacher educators who can engage their students. Throughout the Element, practical examples complement theoretical discussions to bridge the gap between theory and practice.