The stewardship of wahi kūpuna (Hawaiian ancestral places and resources and the knowledge systems and practices inherently tied to them.) requires an interdisciplinary approach that weaves together Hawaiian and Western knowledge systems. However, for the past century, those not native to Hawaiʻi have held the authority to “manage” Hawaiian heritage. To transform and restore this unbalanced system, there remains a critical need to increase opportunities for Native Hawaiians to care for our own cultural heritage. In 2010, the Native Hawaiian-led non-profit organization, Huliauapa‘a, established the Wahi Kūpuna Internship Program (WKIP). The primary goal of the WKIP is to develop leaders and advocates in Hawaiʻi’s cultural heritage fields by training the next generation of stewards in both Indigenous and Western knowledge systems, so they have a strong cultural foundation, elevate their roles and responsibilities to our lands and communities, obtain higher education degrees, and gain professional career-ready skillsets. The Internship takes a progressive approach that recognizes the constraints of a conventional indoor learning environment, and instead creates an authentic experience for students outside the classroom, on the land, and in the community. Our goal is to re-establish our connections to and care of these ancestral places in order to re-invigorate our cultural practices as a key element of perpetuating our Hawaiian identity and self determination.

Literature reviews are core parts of the research process with most conducted in the early research stages. The way a literature review is done can differ depending on the type of research, its aims and goals. This means some view literature reviews as best being done through a systematic approach that has set stages and ways to analyse the literature. This editorial article discusses the main reasons for literature reviews in terms of being helpful, educative and progressive. This is useful in furthering the way researchers collect, interpret and analyse data. As more business management researchers and practitioners utilise review articles it is important to remain vigilant about their purpose and usefulness to business practices.

Oats (Avena sativa L.) are cultivated worldwide for food and feed. Recently, there has been a growing interest in oats in South Korea owing to their nutritional and feed value. To support efficient breeding and genetic resource management, this study evaluated seven agronomic traits of 506 Avena accessions collected globally with two Korean oat varieties as standards. Seven agronomic traits – days to heading (DTH), plant height (PH), plant type, dehulling characteristics, 1,000-grain weight (TGW), seed length, and seed width (SW) – were evaluated over two to three years under Korean spring conditions. An augmented design was employed due to a lack of seeds and the field, and environmental bias was adjusted using Best Linear Unbiased Predictions. Statistical analyses revealed a strong positive correlation between TGW and SW and a moderate positive correlation between PH and DTH. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified that the first two principal components (PCs) explained 66.88% of the total variance, and that PC1 and PC2 were highly correlated with grain characteristics. K-prototype clustering analysis classified the 506 oat genetic resources into four distinct clusters based on the results of PCA, rather than their geographical origins. Cluster analysis indicated that Clusters 1 and 3 have potential for forage oat breeding, particularly in fodder use, whereas Clusters 2 and 4 may be valuable for grain-use oat breeding in South Korea. This study provides a comprehensive phenotypic assessment of oat germplasm obtained globally under Korean spring conditions and provides a useful foundation for germplasm management, cultivar development, and future genetic research.

Increased consumption of pulses can support healthy and sustainable diets, however consumption of pulses in Western populations is low. Adolescents are an often overlooked yet important target group as they develop attitudes and behaviours which influence food choices into adulthood. To understand patterns of consumption, this study aimed to analyse characteristics and consumption patterns of Australian adolescents who consume pulses. Secondary analysis of the Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (NNPAS) data from 2011-12 was carried out to identify adolescent (12-17 years, n=1007, nationally representative of N=101,130) pulse consumers, compare their nutritional and demographic characteristics with non-consumers, and describe frequency, types and amounts of pulses consumed. Consumption of pulses among adolescents is low, with only 6% of adolescents (48% males) reporting consumption pulses. Pulse consumption was associated with healthier weight and diet characteristics. After adjusting for age, sex and socioeconomic index, overweight or obese adolescents were less likely to consume pulses than adolescents of a healthy weight or underweight (OR=0.82, 95%CI 0.69-0.99, P=0.043). Adolescent pulse consumers reported consuming more vegetables, dietary fibre and iron, and less discretionary foods, saturated fat and added sugars than non-consumers. Baked beans were the most commonly consumed type of pulses, followed by pulses as an ingredient in a vegetarian meal such as dahl. Future strategies are recommended to promote consumption of pulses amongst adolescents due to the low consumption level, with consideration of familiar and appealing dishes to support adolescents in achieving more healthy and sustainable diets.

Around the start of the 21st century, countries began to experience a unique demographic transition. After generations of declining dependency and expanding labor forces, increasing longevity and persistently low fertility have reversed dependency trajectories. This paper examines the political consequences of rapid demographic aging and retirement reforms. An empirical assessment of 41 countries from 1980 to 2020 suggests that efforts to postpone retirement are politically destabilizing. In particular, increases in average retirement age and labor force participation among older cohorts may increase political instability. Demographic forecasts for rich and middle-income countries indicate a massive growing demand for age-related public services, alongside a rapid decline in the relative size of economically active populations. Policy reform is therefore urgently needed to sustain pension systems, maintain economic growth, and mitigate political instability. The paper concludes that governments must consider country-specific demographic, political, and economic conditions when designing alternatives to potentially destabilizing retirement reforms.

The alternation between wet and dry seasons in tropical regions can dramatically affect parasite infection dynamics by influencing larval survival, intermediate-host density, definitive-host foraging behaviour, and host immune function. Freshwater chelonians are excellent models for studying parasite-host ecology. Their longevity, site fidelity, and dietary breadth make them valuable sentinel species for aquatic ecosystem health. Here, we identified the gastrointestinal helminth fauna of scorpion mud turtle (Kinosternon scorpioides) from Marajó Island and evaluated seasonal effects on parasite community dynamics. We observed a 71% reduction in parasite load during the dry season and substantial compositional shifts, in addition to species-specific responses: Spiroxys figueiredoi exclusively during floods and Nematophila grandis peaking during dry periods. Parasite species with flexible transmission pathways may thrive while specialists decline. Kinosternon scorpioides and its parasites function as sentinels, and monitoring helminth community composition could more accurately track ecosystem health than measuring host abundance alone.

In the contemporary ‘age of participation’, referendums are often celebrated as cornerstones of democratic engagement. Yet political parties sometimes take the seemingly paradoxical step of calling for referendum boycotts, urging citizens to abstain from direct democratic processes. This paper investigates the conditions under which such boycott calls occur and the motivations behind them. While previous research has largely focused on single cases or experimental designs, we offer the first comprehensive, comparative study of party-led referendum boycotts across Europe since 1972. Drawing on a novel dataset of 223 referendums in 37 countries, we combine quantitative and qualitative methods to explore how regime context, institutional design, and issue type shape boycott behavior. Our regression analyses show that turnout quorum requirements, lower levels of democratic maturity, and sovereignty-related referendum issues significantly increase the likelihood of boycotts. To complement these findings, we qualitatively analyze boycott justifications and develop a typology of six motivation types: legitimacy-based, procedural unfairness, instrumental, tactical, minority interest, and ideological boycotts. These results reveal a complex interplay between democratic institutions and political strategy, challenging the assumption that referendums are universally inclusive tools. Our findings have implications for the design, interpretation, and normative evaluation of direct democratic practices across diverse political systems.

Longevity risk significantly impacts the reserve adequacy ratio of annuity issuers, thereby reducing product profitability. Effectively managing this risk has thus become a priority for insurance companies. A natural hedging strategy, which involves balancing longevity risk through an optimised portfolio of life insurance and annuity products, offers a promising solution and has attracted considerable academic attention in recent years. In this study, we construct a realistic portfolio scenario comprising annuities and life insurance policies across various ages and genders. By applying Cholesky decomposition, we transform the portfolio into an uncorrelated linear model. Our objective function minimises the variance in portfolio value changes, allowing us to explore the impact of mortality on longevity risk mitigation through natural hedging. Using actuarial mathematics and the Bayesian MCMC algorithm, we analyse the factors influencing the hedging effectiveness of a portfolio with minimised variance. Empirical findings indicate that the optimal life-to-annuity ratio is influenced by multiple factors, including gender, age, projection period, and forecast horizon. Based on these findings, we recommend that insurance companies adjust their business structures and actively pursue product innovation to enhance longevity risk management.

Scalar words such as warm may give rise to inferences such as warm but not hot. Under standard accounts, such scalar implicatures are derived by negating stronger alternatives. In processing, weaker scale-mates (warm) prime stronger ones (hot), suggesting that the latter are used in implicature processing (De Carvalho et al., 2016. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1500; Ronai & Xiang, 2023. Experiments in Linguistic Meaning, 2, 229–240). We test whether the activation of alternatives holds when no implicature is expected to arise and examine what kinds of alternatives form the basis from which scalar implicature derivation proceeds. We employ two manipulations: negation and antonymy. In line with an account derived from the theoretical treatments of implicature (e.g., Horn, 1972. On the semantic properties of logical operators in English), negating scale-mates cancelled the activation of strong terms (hot). Contrary to these accounts, however, antonyms activated the same targets. In a joint analysis, we found that negation interacted with both scale-mate primes and antonym primes. We explain these findings within the Alternative Activation Account (Gotzner, 2017. Alternative sets in language processing: How focus alternatives are represented in the mind), which assumes an initial activation of a broad cohort of associated expressions and their subsequent grammatical and contextual narrowing.

We prove that the average size of a mixed character sum

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