During a regatta, the influence of wind speed on the velocity of the boat, the distance covered and the manoeuvres carried out has not been clarified to date in the 49er and 49erFX classes. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to analyse how these variables are affected by wind speed during a regatta. The sample consisted of 39 Olympic sailors from the 49erFX and 49er classes, who participated in a World Cup. Velocity, velocity made good (VMG), distance and manoeuvres were evaluated in the upwind and downwind legs using global positioning system (GPS) devices. In both classes, it was observed that mean velocity, VMG and distance travelled increased as the wind velocity increased in upwind and downwind legs. The velocity, the distance travelled and the manoeuvres carried out are conditioned by wind speed in both upwind and downwind legs in the 49er and 49erFX classes.

Maritime navigation in low visibility presents a significant challenge, jeopardising seafarers’ situational awareness and escalating collision risks. This study introduces a maritime head-up display (mHUD) to address this issue. The mHUD, a 2-m diameter aluminium ring with dual rows of LEDs, enhances visibility for autonomous ships in adverse conditions on ship bridges and remote operating centres (ROCs). Displaying various modes such as shallow waters, land, lighthouses, beacons, buoys and maritime traffic, the mHUD was evaluated in a ship bridge simulator by 12 navigation students. Results revealed that the mHUD substantially improved situational awareness, proving more efficient and effective than navigating without it in poor visibility conditions. Participants found the mHUD easy to learn and expressed willingness to use it in real-world situations. The study highlights the mHUD’s potential to enhance situational awareness on ship bridges and ROCs for autonomous ships, while suggesting potential enhancements to increase usability and user satisfaction.

Accurate typhoon track nowcasting is vital for navigation and coastal disaster prevention. This research integrates a Large Language Model (LLM) with Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) technology for typhoon path prediction. Leveraging LLMs as the predictive foundation, the approach tailors forecasts to individual typhoon characteristics. The methodology involves collecting satellite imagery, standardizing data, and employing optical flow methods to track typhoons and derive path coordinates. These coordinates are preprocessed and embedded into the LLM. RAG enhances the LLM’s predictive performance, enabling effective forecasting. Increasing typhoon-specific embedded data further improves accuracy. Using the FY-4 dataset, the method achieved an average absolute error of 10.78 km in 12-hour predictions. The study demonstrates that LLM-RAG integration excels in nowcasting.

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning accuracy is challenged due to abnormal signals in harsh environments. This study proposes an approach for multiple and mixed abnormal measurement processing in multi-GNSS positioning and navigation based on the resilient a priori innovation and posterior residual (PR) for harsh environments. Specifically, first, both static and kinematic processing modes are considered when calculating the innovation vector (IV). Second, observations are classified and abnormal measurements are eliminated based on the different observation accuracies of different GNSS systems within the resilient IV method. Finally, the resilient PR method considers the total number of redundant observations. Compared with the traditional IV and PR method, the RIP method improves the positioning accuracy by approximately 30.2% and 58.0% in static experimental datasets No. 1 and No. 2, respectively. In the kinematic experiment, it improves the ambiguity success rate and positioning accuracy by approximately 41.5% and 86.7%, respectively.

Marine sedimentary rocks of the late Eocene Pagat Member of the Tanjung Formation in the Asem Asem Basin near Satui, Kalimantan, provide an important geological archive for understanding the paleontological evolution of southern Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo) in the interval leading up the development of the Central Indo-Pacific marine biodiversity hotspot. In this paper, we describe a moderately diverse assemblage of marine invertebrates within a sedimentological and stratigraphical context. In the studied section, the Pagat Member of the Tanjung Formation records an interval of overall marine transgression and chronicles a transition from the marginal marine and continental siliciclastic succession in the underlying Tambak Member to the carbonate platform succession in the overlying Berai Formation.

The lower part of the Pagat Member contains heterolithic interbedded siliciclastic sandstone and glauconitic shale, with thin bioclastic floatstone and bioclastic rudstone beds. This segues into a calcareous shale succession with common foraminiferal packstone/rudstone lenses interpreted as low-relief biostromes. A diverse trace fossil assemblage occurs primarily in a muddy/glauconitic sandstone, sandy mudstone, and bioclastic packstone/rudstone succession, constraining the depositional setting to a mid-ramp/mid to distal continental shelf setting below fair-weather wave base but above storm wave base.

Each biostrome rests upon a storm-generated ravinement surface characterized by a low-diversity Glossifungites or Trypanites trace fossil assemblage. The erosional surfaces were colonized by organisms that preferred stable substrates, including larger benthic foraminifera, solitary corals, oysters, and serpulid annelid worms.

The biostromes comprised islands of high marine biodiversity on the mud-dominated Pagat coastline. Together, the biostromes analyzed in this study contained 13 genera of symbiont-bearing larger benthic foraminifera, ~40 mollusk taxa, at least 5 brachyuran decapod genera, and 6 coral genera (Anthemiphyllia, Balanophyllia, Caryophyllia, Cycloseris, Trachyphyllia, and Trochocyathus), as well as a variety of bryozoans, serpulids, echinoids, and asterozoans. High foraminiferal and molluscan diversity, coupled with modest coral diversity, supports the hypothesis that the origin of the diverse tropical invertebrate faunas that characterize the modern Indo-Australian region may have occurred in the latest Eocene/earliest Oligocene.

Basal sliding and other processes affecting ice flow are challenging to constrain due to limited direct observations. Inversion methods, which typically fit an ice-flow model to observed surface velocities, enable the reconstruction of basal properties from readily available data. We present a numerical inversion framework for reconstructing the glacier basal sliding coefficient, applied to both synthetic and real-world alpine glacier scenarios. The framework employs automatic differentiation (AD) to generate adjoint code and runs in parallel on graphics processing units. We explore two inversion workflows using the shallow ice approximation as the forward model: a time-independent approach fitting to a single snapshot of annual ice velocity and a time-dependent inversion accounting for both ice velocity and changes in geometry. We find that the time-dependent inversion yields more robust and accurate velocity fields than the snapshot inversion. However, it does not significantly improve the problematic initial transients often encountered in forward model runs that employ sliding fields from snapshot inversions. This is likely due to the limitations of the forward model. This methodology is transferable to more complex forward models and can be readily implemented in languages supporting AD.