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While an understanding of electronic principles is vitally important for scientists and engineers working across many disciplines, the breadth of the subject can make it daunting. This textbook offers a concise and practical introduction to electronics, suitable for a one-semester undergraduate course as well as self-guided students. Beginning with the basics of general circuit laws and resistor circuits to ease students into the subject, the textbook then covers a wide range of topics, from passive circuits to semiconductor-based analog circuits and basic digital circuits. Exercises are provided at the end of each chapter, and answers to select questions are included at the end of the book. The complete solutions manual is available for instructors to download, together with eight laboratory exercises that parallel the text. Now in its second edition, the text has been updated and expanded with additional topic coverage and exercises.
Master the art of data converter design with this definitive textbook, a detailed and accessible introduction ideal for students and practicing engineers. Razavi's distinctive and intuitive pedagogical approach, building up from elementary components to complex systems. Step-by-step transistor-level designs and simulations offer a practical hands-on understanding of key design concepts. Comprehensive coverage of essential topics including sampling circuits, comparator design, digital-to-analog converters, flash topologies, SAR and pipelined architectures, time-interleaved converters, and oversampling systems. Over 250 examples pose thought-provoking questions, reinforcing core concepts and helping students develop confidence. Over 350 end-of-chapter homework problems to test student understanding, with solutions available for course instructors. Developed by leading author Behzad Razavi, and addressing all the principles and design concepts essential to today's engineers, this is the ideal text for senior undergraduate and graduate-level students and professional engineers who aspire to excel in data converter analysis and design.
Analog Electronic Circuits is a core subject for the undergraduate students of Electronics and Communication, Instrumentation, Computer and Electrical Engineering. The subject is also a must read for other branches of engineering like mechanical and civil Engineering. This book aims to provide a detailed coverage of the subject area with emphasis on fundamental concepts. It is an ideal textbook on analog electronic circuits for the undergraduate students, and a reference book for the graduate students. It provides a comprehensive coverage of the subject matter in reader friendly, easy to comprehend language. It includes more than 170 solved examples, 390 practice problems, and 300 figures. It covers discussion on small-signal amplifiers, negative feedback in amplifiers, linear and non-linear applications of operational amplifiers. Practical approximations are used at many places to avoid rigorous analysis methods.
This practically-oriented, all-inclusive guide covers the essential concepts of power electronics through MATLAB® examples and simulations. In-depth explanation of important topics including digital control, power electronic applications, and electrical drives make it a valuable reference for readers. The experiments and applications based on MATLAB® models using fuzzy logic and neural networks are included for better understanding. Engrossing discussion of concepts such as diac, light-emitting diode, thyristors, power MOSFET and static induction transistor, offers an enlightening experience to readers. With numerous solved examples, exercises, review questions, and GATE questions, the undergraduate and graduate students of electrical and electronics engineering will find this text useful.
The understanding of fundamental concepts of electrical engineering is necessary before moving on to more advanced concepts. This book is designed as a textbook for an introductory course in electrical engineering for undergraduate students from all branches of engineering. The text is organized into fourteen chapters, and provides a balance between theory and applications. Numerous circuit diagrams and explicit illustrations add to the readability of the text. The authors have covered some important topics such as electromagnetic field theory, electrostatics, electrical circuits, magnetostatics, network theorems, three-phase systems and electrical machines. A separate chapter on measurement and instrumentation covers important topics including errors in measurement, electro-mechanical indicating instruments, current transformers and potential transformers in detail. Pedagogical features are interspersed throughout the book for better understanding of concepts.
Providing in-depth coverage and comprehensive discussion on essential concepts of electronics engineering, this textbook begins with detailed explanation of classification of semiconductors, transport phenomena in semiconductor and Junction diodes. It covers circuit modeling techniques for bipolar junction transistors, used in designing amplifiers. The textbook discusses design construction and operation principle for junction gate field-effect transistor, silicon controlled rectifier and operational amplifier. Two separate chapters on Introduction to Communication Systems and Digital Electronics covers topics including modulation techniques, logic circuits, De Morgan's theorem and digital circuits. Applications of oscillators, silicon controlled rectifier and operational amplifier are covered in detail. Pedagogical features including solved problems, multiple choice questions and unsolved exercises are interspersed throughout the textbook for better understating of concepts. This text is the ideal resource for first year undergraduate engineering students taking an introductory, single-semester course in fundamentals of electronics engineering/principles of electronics engineering.
Analog and digital electronics are an important part of most modern courses in physics. Closely mapped to the current UGC CBCS syllabus, this comprehensive textbook will be a vital resource for undergraduate students of physics and electronics. The content is structured to emphasize fundamental concepts and applications of various circuits and instruments. A wide range of topics like semiconductor physics, diodes, transistors, amplifiers, Boolean algebra, combinational and sequential logic circuits, and microprocessors are covered in lucid language and illustrated with many diagrams and examples for easy understanding. A diverse set of questions in each chapter, including multiple-choice, reasoning, numerical, and practice problems, will help students consolidate the knowledge gained. Finally, computer simulations and project ideas for projects will help readers apply the theoretical concepts and encourage experiential learning.
What problem do today’s circuits address? The very general task of improving performance, through the application of negative feedback, of a great many of the circuits we have met to this point.
In our own version of this course, only a minority of the busy students choose to do projects. But a project can be heaps of fun. To help you conceive of one, here is some information on gadgets and ideas that might inspire a project builder, along with sketches of some great projects of yester-term.
Here, we’d like you to show you how to do one task many ways. This is a favorite device of exam-writers; this kind of question lets the teachers feel that there’s some coherence in the digital material. Students may not feel the same way about these questions.
In this chapter you will configure the Timer/Counter peripheral to interrupt the CPU at a constant rate to output a sampled sine wave from the DAC. On the way, you will land on the Moon.
Deliberate rolling-off of op-amp gain as frequency rises: used to assure stability of feedback circuits despite dangerously-large phase shifts that occur at high frequencies.
In the previous lab, you configured the SAMD21’s internal 10-bit Digital-to-Analog converter to output an analog voltage to an I/O pin and then used the DAC to synthesize a 128 point sine wave. While this worked, updating the DAC in a loop did not provide precise control over the frequency of the output signal and the process of sending data values to the DAC consumed all the processor CPU cycles. This design also did not ensure that samples were output at constant time intervals.
Prehistory: before the microprocessor: Yes, there was a time when computers roamed the Earth, but were not based on microprocessors. In the 1930s electromechanical computers were built using relays; some were true “Turing machines,” fully programmable.
The notion of multiplexing, or time-sharing, is more general and more important than the piece of hardware called a multiplexer (or “mux”). You won’t often use a mux, but you use multiplexing continually in any computer, and in many data-acquisition schemes.
Until now, as we have said in Chapter 8N, we have treated positive feedback as evil or as a mistake: it’s what you get when you get confused about which op-amp terminal you’re feeding. Today you will qualify this view: you will find that positive feedback can be useful: it can improve the performance of a comparator; it can be combined with negative feedback to make an oscillator (“relaxation oscillator”: positive feedback dominates there); or to make a negative impedance converter (this we will not build, but see AoE §4.107, Fig. 4.104: there, negative feedback dominates).
Adjust frequency so as to get a useful image: too high, and you won’t allow time enough to see the waveform move far; too low, and you’ll see the full waveform, but using just a small portion of the scope screen, and thus your time measurements will be only approximate.
The sort of problem we mean to solve with the most important of today’s circuits is the conversion of a sinusoidal power supply voltage – AC coming from the wall supply (often called “line” voltage) – to a constant DC level.
These are just lines that make lots of stops, picking up and letting off anyone who needs a ride. The origin of the word is the same as the origin of the word for the thing that rolls along city streets.
How many bits does the converter need? We can tolerate slices that are two parts in 10,000 wide, or 1/5k. 12 bits give 4K slices (4096), and give an error of 1/8K or 0.012%: this does not quite satisfy the specification.