Even without breaking or wind influence, ocean surface waves are observed to produce turbulence in the water, possibly influencing ocean surface dynamics and air–sea interactions. Based on the water-side free-surface simulations, recent studies suggest that such turbulence is produced through the interaction between the waves and the near-surface Eulerian current associated with the viscous attenuation of waves. To clarify the dynamical role of the air–water interface in the turbulence production, the attenuating interfacial gravity waves were simulated directly using a newly developed two-phase wave-resolving numerical model. The air–water coupling enhanced the wave energy dissipation through the formation of a strong shear at the air-side viscous boundary layer. This led to an enhancement of the wave-to-current momentum transfer and the formation of the down-wave Eulerian mean sheared current, which is favourable for the CL2 instability responsible for the production of Langmuir circulations. As a result, the water-side turbulence grew stronger compared with the corresponding free surface (water-only) wave-resolving simulation. The evolution of the wave-averaged field was well reproduced with the Craik–Leibovich equation with the upper boundary condition provided with the virtual wave stress based on linear theory. The wave energy dissipation by air–water coupling plays a significant role in the quantitative understanding of the wave-induced turbulence at the laboratory and field scales.

We present direct numerical simulations of a three-layer Rayleigh–Taylor instability (RTI) problem with a configuration based on the experiments of Suchandra & Ranjan (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 974, 2023, A35) and Jacobs & Dalziel (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 542, 2005, pp. 251–279). The problem consists of a layer of light fluid between two layers of heavy fluid with an Atwood number of 0.3. These simulations are first validated through comparison with available experimental data. The validated simulations are then utilized to analyse statistics in this three-component flow. First, length scales are examined utilizing spectra and two-point spatial correlations of velocity and species concentration fluctuations. Next, joint probability density functions (p.d.f.s) of species concentration are compared against several model p.d.f.s representing generalizations of the bivariate beta distribution. Notably, the joint p.d.f.s do not appear to be accurately described by a Dirichlet distribution, indicating the marginal distributions do not conform to a beta distribution. Finally, similarity of the present configuration to three-component mixing found in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) applications is exploited to develop and validate an improved model for the impact of multicomponent mixing on thermonuclear (TN) reaction rates. A single time instant from the present simulations is chosen for a TN burn calculation under the hypothetical assumption of ICF materials and temperatures. Total TN output from this second calculation is then compared against the prediction of the improved model. The new model is found to accurately predict TN reaction rates in both premixed and non-premixed configurations.

Elongated floaters drifting in propagating water waves slowly rotate towards a preferential orientation with respect to the direction of incidence. In this paper we study this phenomenon in the small floater limit $k L_x < 1$, with $k$ the wavenumber and $L_x$ the floater length. Experiments show that short and heavy floaters tend to align longitudinally, along the direction of wave propagation, whereas longer and lighter floaters align transversely, parallel to the wave crests and troughs. We show that this preferential orientation can be modelled using an inviscid Froude–Krylov model, ignoring diffraction effects. Asymptotic theory, in the double limit of a small wave slope and small floater, suggests that preferential orientation is essentially controlled by the non-dimensional number $F = k L_x^2 / \bar {h}$, with $\bar {h}$ the equilibrium submersion depth. Theory predicts the longitudinal-transverse transition for homogeneous parallelepipeds at the critical value $F_c = 60$, in fair agreement with the experiments that locate $F_c = 50 \pm 15$. Using a simplified model for a thin floater, we elucidate the physical mechanisms that control the preferential orientation. The longitudinal equilibrium for $F< F_c$ originates from a slight asymmetry between the buoyancy torque induced by the wave crests, that favours the longitudinal orientation, and that induced by the wave troughs, that favours the transverse orientation. The transverse equilibrium for $F>F_c$ arises from the variation of the submersion depth along the long axis of the floaters, which significantly increases the torque in the trough positions, when the tips are more submersed.

We report on Lagrangian statistics of turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection under very different conditions. For this, we conducted particle tracking experiments in a $H=1.1$-m-high cylinder of aspect ratio $\varGamma =1$ filled with air (Pr = 0.7), as well as in two rectangular cells of heights $H=0.02$ m ($\varGamma =16$) and $H=0.04$ m ($\varGamma =8$) filled with water (Pr = 7.0), covering Rayleigh numbers in the range $10^6\le {\textit {Ra}}\le 1.6\times 10^9$. Using the Shake-The-Box algorithm, we have tracked up to 500 000 neutrally buoyant particles over several hundred free-fall times for each set of control parameters. We find the Reynolds number to scale at small Ra (large Pr) as $ {\textit{Re}} \propto {\textit{Ra}}^{0.6}$. Further, the averaged horizontal particle displacement is found to be universal and exhibits a ballistic regime at small times and a diffusive regime at larger times, for sufficiently large $\varGamma$. The diffusive regime occurs for time lags larger than $\tau _{co}$, which is the time scale related to the decay of the velocity autocorrelation. Compensated as $\tau _{co} {\textit {Pr}}^{-0.3}$, this time scale is universal and rather independent of $ {\textit {Ra}}$ and $\varGamma$. We have also investigated the Lagrangian velocity structure function $S^2_i(\tau )$, which is dominated by viscous effects for times smaller than the Kolmogorov time $\tau _\eta$ and hence $S^2_i\propto \tau ^2$. For larger times we find a novel scaling for the different components with exponents smaller than what is expected in the inertial range of homogeneous isotropic turbulence without buoyancy. Studying particle-pair dispersion, we find a Batchelor scaling (${\propto }\,t^2$) on small time scales, diffusive scaling (${\propto }\,t$) on large time scales and Richardson-like scaling (${\propto }\,t^3$) for intermediate time scales.

Vapour bubbles produced by long-pulsed laser often have complex non-spherical shapes that reflect some characteristics of the laser beam. The transition between two commonly observed shapes, namely, a rounded pear-like shape and an elongated conical shape, is studied using a new computational model that combines compressible multiphase fluid dynamics with laser radiation and phase transition. Two laboratory experiments are simulated, in which a holmium:YAG or thulium fibre laser is used to generate bubbles of different shapes. In both cases, the predicted bubble nucleation and morphology agree reasonably well with the experimental observation. The full-field results of laser irradiance, temperature, velocity and pressure are analysed to explain bubble dynamics and energy transmission. It is found that due to the lasting energy input, the vapour bubble's dynamics is driven not only by advection, but also by the continued vaporisation at its surface. Vaporisation lasts less than $1~{\rm \mu}$s in the case of the pear-shaped bubble, compared with over $50~{\rm \mu}$s for the elongated bubble. It is thus hypothesised that the bubble's morphology is determined by competition. When the speed of advection is higher than that of vaporisation, the bubble tends to grow spherically. Otherwise, it elongates along the laser beam direction. To test this hypothesis, the two speeds are defined analytically using a model problem, then estimated for the experiments using simulation results. The results support the hypothesis. They also suggest that when the laser's power is fixed, a higher laser absorption coefficient and a narrower beam facilitate bubble elongation.