Master the principles of structural dynamics with this comprehensive and self-contained textbook, with key theoretical concepts explained through real-world engineering applications.

• The theory of natural modes of vibration, the finite element method, and the dynamic response of structures is balanced with practical applications to give students a thorough contextual understanding of the subject.

• Enhanced coverage of damping, rotating systems, and parametric excitation provides students with superior understanding of these essential topics.

• Examples and homework problems, closely linked to real-world applications, enrich and deepen student understanding.

• Curated mathematical appendices equip students with all the tools necessary to excel, without disrupting coverage of core topics.

• Containing all the material needed for a one- or two-semester course, and accompanied online by MATLAB/Python code, this authoritative textbook is the ideal introduction for graduate students in aerospace, mechanical, and civil engineering.

This type of flow is usually observed on surfaces with low permeability and has therefore been one of the central problems in urban hydrology; its relevance lies in the design of small engineering structures for roads, highways, airports, and also for some surface irrigation systems. Detailed numerical solutions of the shallow-water equations have shown that the analysis of most overland flow situations can be reliably simplified using the kinematic wave approximation. The basic assumption of this approach is that the friction slope can be taken to be equal to the slope of the underlying surface. Analytical solutions of the resulting equation, albeit for special runoff situations, still provide useful insight regarding the rising and recession hydrographs for more general applications.

This chapter covers some applications of the atmospheric optics and the engineering principles in the previous chapters as they are employed in operational and proposed lidars. Many of the previous examples involved elastic backscatter aerosol lidars, so this chapter also includes many of the other most common types: wind lidars of several kinds; Rayleigh temperature lidar; differential absorption lidar (DIAL); Raman lidar for profiling trace gases, aerosols, and temperature; high spectral resolution lidar (HSRL); and resonance fluorescence lidar. Descriptions of these techniques are presented here with appropriate references, along with comments on the engineering challenges of these various types of lidars and the ways that they illustrate the principles laid out in the previous chapters. The data analysis algorithms for most of these types of lidar are derived. The laser remote sensing technique known as integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) is also described, along with its data analysis.

Methods to estimate evaporation from natural land surfaces can generally be subdivided into three broad categories. Mass transfer methods make use of measurements of wind velocity, temperature, and humidity; energy-budget methods require the same measurements in addition to measurements of radiation and heat conduction into the ground; water-budget methods rely on inflow, outflow, and storage change measurements in control volumes in the lower atmosphere, in the near surface soil, or in entire watersheds.

Master the principles of structural dynamics with this comprehensive and self-contained textbook, with key theoretical concepts explained through real-world engineering applications.

• The theory of natural modes of vibration, the finite element method, and the dynamic response of structures is balanced with practical applications to give students a thorough contextual understanding of the subject.

• Enhanced coverage of damping, rotating systems, and parametric excitation provides students with superior understanding of these essential topics.

• Examples and homework problems, closely linked to real-world applications, enrich and deepen student understanding.

• Curated mathematical appendices equip students with all the tools necessary to excel, without disrupting coverage of core topics.

• Containing all the material needed for a one- or two-semester course, and accompanied online by MATLAB/Python code, this authoritative textbook is the ideal introduction for graduate students in aerospace, mechanical, and civil engineering.

Most near-surface geologic formations which contain water are unconsolidated porous rocks, broadly referred to as soils close to the surface, and as aquifers at greater depths. The relationship between the degree of water saturation of such a porous material and pressure of the water is referred to as the soil-water characteristic. The specific flow rate of water can usually be assumed to be proportional to the hydraulic gradient, according to Darcy’s law. The proportionality constant, called the hydraulic conductivity, generally exhibits anisotropy and scale dependency, and is a strong function of the degree of water saturation. Although some insight can be gained from theoretical estimation models, it is best determined by experiment. For certain problems it can be convenient to transform Darcy’s law into a diffusion equation, by making the flow rate proportional to the water content gradient. For rigid porous media, combination of the continuity equation with Darcy’s law yields the Richardson-Richards equation; under steady saturated conditions this becomes the Laplace equation. For elastic saturated porous media this combination leads to the Terzaghi and Jacob equations.

The general premise of this chapter is to address thermodynamic behaviors and structure of charged macromolecules in non-dilute conditions, such as semidilute and concentrated solutions. After a summary of uncharged macromolecules in concentrated solutions, the coupling between the electrostatic and topological correlations is treated. Five regimes of polymer concentrations are outlined accompanied by a collection of experimental data. Spontaneous formation of large aggregates formed by similarly charged macromolecules is described in detail.