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We explore the cardinality of generalised inverse limits. Among other things, we show that, for any $n\in \{ℵ_{0},c,1,2,3,\dots \}$, there is an upper semicontinuous function with the inverse limit having exactly $n$ points. We also prove that if $f$ is an upper semicontinuous function whose graph is a continuum, then the cardinality of the corresponding inverse limit is either 1, $ℵ_{0}$ or $c$. This generalises the recent result of I. Banič and J. Kennedy, which claims that the same is true in the case where the graph is an arc.
The aim of the present paper is to extend the dualizing object approach to Stone duality to the noncommutative setting of skew Boolean algebras. This continues the study of noncommutative generalizations of different forms of Stone duality initiated in recent papers by Bauer and Cvetko-Vah, Lawson, Lawson and Lenz, Resende, and also the current author. In this paper we construct a series of dual adjunctions between the categories of left-handed skew Boolean algebras and Boolean spaces, the unital versions of which are induced by dualizing objects $\{ 0, 1, \ldots , n+ 1\} $, $n\geq 0$. We describe the categories of Eilenberg-Moore algebras of the monads of the adjunctions and construct easily understood noncommutative reflections of left-handed skew Boolean algebras, where the latter can be faithfully embedded (if $n\geq 1$) in a canonical way. As an application, we answer the question that arose in a recent paper by Leech and Spinks to describe the left adjoint to their ‘twisted product’ functor $\omega $.
We prove the classification of the real vector subspaces of a quaternionic vector space by using a covariant functor which associates, to any pair formed of a quaternionic vector space and a real subspace, a coherent sheaf over the sphere.
We investigate inverse limits in the category $ \mathcal{CHU} $ of compact Hausdorff spaces with upper semicontinuous functions. We introduce the notion of weak inverse limits in this category and show that the inverse limits with upper semicontinuous set-valued bonding functions (as they were defined by Ingram and Mahavier [‘Inverse limits of upper semi-continuous set valued functions’, Houston J. Math.32 (2006), 119–130]) together with the projections are not necessarily inverse limits in $ \mathcal{CHU} $ but they are always weak inverse limits in this category. This is a realisation of our categorical approach to solving a problem stated by Ingram [An Introduction to Inverse Limits with Set-Valued Functions (Springer, New York, 2012)].
It is proved that every remainder of a nonlocally compact semitopological group $G$ is a Baire space if and only if $G$ is not Čech-complete, which improves a dichotomy theorem of topological groups by Arhangel’skiǐ [‘The Baire property in remainders of topological groups and other results’, Comment. Math. Univ. Carolin.50(2) (2009), 273–279], and also gives a positive answer to a question of Lin and Lin [‘About remainders in compactifications of paratopological groups’, ArXiv: 1106.3836v1 [Math. GN] 20 June 2011]. We also show that for a nonlocally compact rectifiable space $G$ every remainder of $G$ is either Baire, or meagre and Lindelöf.
Let λ be a regular ordinal with λ≥ω1. Then we prove that (λ+1)×λ is not base-countably metacompact. This implies that base-κ-paracompactness is not an inverse invariant of perfect mappings, which answers a question asked by Yamazaki.
A new decomposition, the mutually aposyndetic decomposition of homogeneous continua into closed, homogeneous sets is introduced. This decomposition is respected by homeomorphisms and topologically unique. Its quotient is a mutually aposyndetic homogeneous continuum, and in all known examples, as well as in some general cases, the members of the decomposition are semi-indecomposable continua. As applications, we show that hereditarily decomposable homogeneous continua and path connected homogeneous continua are mutually aposyndetic. A class of new examples of homogeneous continua is defined. The mutually aposyndetic decomposition of each of these continua is non-trivial and different from Jones’ aposyndetic decomposition.
Let κ be an infinite cardinal. Okuyama showed that the product space X ×i Y of a paracompact weak P (ω)-space X and a K-analytic space Y is paracompact. In this paper, by using the notion of κ-K-analytic spaces which is basically defined by Hansell, Jayne and Rogers, the above result is extended and some other results are given related to normality, collectionwise normality and covering properties on products. An answer to a question of Okuyama and Watson is also given, as well as some applications to extensions of continuous functions on these products.
Let N be a closed s-Hopfian n-manifold with residually finite, torsion free π1 (N) and finite H1(N). Suppose that either πk(N) is finitely generated for all k ≥ 2, or πk(N) ≅ 0 for 1 < k < n – 1, or n ≤ 4. We show that if N fails to be a co-dimension 2 fibrator, then N cyclically covers itself, up to homotopy type.
It is known that the only topological invariants P for which anti(P) = anti2 (P), anti( ) denoting Bankston's total negation operator, are those which are determined purely by the cardinality of the underlying point-set. We examine equations of the form antin (P) = antin (not P), reaching similar conclusions for n ≤ 2 but weaker ones for n > 3. A corresponding investigation for total negation within a constraint is initiated.
We study infima of families of topologies on the hyperspace of a metrizable space. We prove that Kuratowski convergence is the infimum, in the lattice of convergences, of all Wijsman topologies and that the cocompact topology on a metric space which is complete for a metric d is the infimum of the upper Wijsman topologies arising from metrics that are uniformly equivalent to d.
A compact space K is said to have the Namioka Property, or to belong to the class *, if, for every Baire space B and every separately continuous function Ψ:B × K → ℝ, there is dense δ subset H of B such that Ψ is (jointly) continuous at all points of H × K. Although the terminology is more recent, the idea of looking at properties of this kind goes back to Namioka's paper [6] on separate and joint continuity. Talagrand [8] gave the first example of a compact space that is not in * and it is now known [4] that there are even examples of scattered compact spaces that are not in *. On the other hand, many good classes of compact spaces have been shown to be contained in *, probably the most general being the class of continuous images of Valdivia compacts [2]. The aim of this note is to prove the following stability result: a compact space which is a countable union of closed subsets with the Namioka Property does itself possess that property.
In this paper we give some properties of the pairwise perfectly normal spaces defined by Lane. In particular we prove that a space (X, P, Q) is pairwise perfectly normal if and only if every P(Q)–closed set is the zero of a P(Q)–l.s.c. and Q(P)–u.s.c. function. Also we characterize the pairwise perfect normality in terms of sequences of semicontinuous functions by means of a result which contains the known Tong's characterization of perfectly normal topological spaces, whose proof we modify by using the technique of binary relations.
The purpose of this paper is to study the so-called canonical monoidal closed structures on concrete categories with constant maps. First of all we give an example of a category of this kind where there exists a non canonical monoidal closed structure. Later, we give a technique to construct a class of suitable full subcategories of the category of T0-spaces, such that all monoidal closed structures on them are canonical. Finally we show that “almost all” useful categories of topological compact spaces admit no monoidal closed structures whatsoever.
A space X is said to be D1 provided each closed set has a countable basis for the open sets containing it. It is said to be D2 provided there is a countable base {Un} such that each closed set has a countable base for the open sets containing it, which is a subfamily of {Un}. In this paper, we give a separation theorem for D1 spaces, and provide a characterization of D1 and D2 spaces in terms of maps.
Different methods are used to show that a finite or countable product of Lindelöf scattered spaces is Lindelöf. Also, a technique of Kunen is modified to yield results concerning the Lindelöf degree of the Gδ and Gα-topologies on the countable product of compact scattered spaces.