The 16-item Everyday Colourism Scale (ECS; Craddock et al. 2023) assesses perceived experiences of subtle and more overt mistreatment and prejudice based on an individual’s skin shade. The ECS can be administered online and/or in-person to adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the ECS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the Everyday Colourism Scale has been found to have a 2-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and incremental validity support the use of the ECS. This chapter also provides the ECS items in their entirety, instructions for administering the ECS to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 44- item Ben-Tovim Walker Body Attitudes Questionnaire (BAQ) generates a profile of women’s body related attitudes as found in the population at large. The BAQ can be administered in person, by mail, or on-line, and there are no restrictions on its use. The 44 questions are grouped into 6 sub-scales (Feeling Fat, Disparagement, Strength and Fitness, Salience of Weight and Shape, Attractiveness, Lower Body Fatness). The BAQ can be used in full, or in a variety of abbreviated forms. The BAQ and its subscales have well-developed psychometric properties, as described in the chapter. The BAQ has been translated into a number of languages. Unusually for Body Image measures, genetic as well as social determinants related to measured Body Image have been studied with the BAQ, and are referenced in the chapter. The BAQ is provided in its entirety, as is the scoring key and instructions for use. The BAQ has proved to be suitable for assessing body-related attitudes in general and specific population groups, and its internal structure has been validated in many different groups of women.

In the United States, the legal environment for selection is a central issue that plays a large role in the practice of industrial, work, and organizational psychology. Concern for adverse impact, bias, and fairness goes hand in hand with concern for reliability and validity in the design of any professionally developed selection system. The United States is racially and ethnically diverse (roughly 59 percent White, 19 percent Hispanic/Latino, 13 percent Black/African American, 6 percent Asian American, and 1 percent Native Americans/Alaskans Natives). Federal legislation specifies seven protected classes: race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, and disability. Most of the discussion of bias and fairness in the selection field focuses on race and sex. Legislation, court rulings, government guidance, and professional standards offer a complex framework for the consideration of issues of bias and fairness, an overview of which is provided in this chapter.

The 10- or 11-item Modified Weight Bias Internalization Scale (WBIS-M; Pearl & Puhl, 2014) assesses weight bias internalization (i.e., internalized weight stigma or weight self-stigma). The WBIS-M can be administered on paper, online, or by interview to adolescents or adults (with adapted versions for children) and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the WBIS-M and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the WBIS-M has been found to have a unidimensional factor structure within most exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity support the use of the WBIS-M. Next, this chapter provides the WBIS-M items in their entirety, instructions for administering the WBIS-M to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Abbreviated forms and known translations are described. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

Chapter 8 sets out a framework for predicting and evaluating chilling effects, including balancing them against competing chilling effects claims or competing values or public policy concerns, like speech and national security. The chapter illustrates the framework via three case studies: (1) the right to be forgotten (the privacy chill such a right may prevent vs. the chill the right may have on speech and other activities); (2) anti-stalking laws (balancing their benefits vs. their potential chilling effects); (3) national security surveillance and its secrecy (balancing national security justifications vs. their potential chilling effects).

The 10-item Attunement with Exercise Scale (AwE; Calogero et al., 2024) assesses the extent to which a person’s physical activity experiences reflect joy and connection with their body and safety during exercise. The AwE can be administered online and/or in-person to adolescents and/or adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the AwE and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the AwE has been found to have a 3-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and has demonstrated invariance between women and men. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the AwE. Next, this chapter provides the AwE items in their entirety, instructions for administering the AwE to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 28-item Body Esteem Scale-Revised (BES-R; Frost et al., 2018) is an updated version of the Body Esteem Scale (Franzoi & Shields, 1984) that assesses satisfaction with the appearance and functionality of 28 specific body areas and aspects of body functionality. Like the original scale, the BES-R conceptualizes body esteem as both gender-specific and multidimensional, with three distinct dimensions for women (i.e., sexual attractiveness, weight concern, physical condition) and three distinct dimensions for men (i.e., sexual attractiveness, upper body strength, physical condition). The BES-R can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. Women and men complete the same 28 items. This chapter first discusses the development of the BES-R and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. Principal components analyses upheld the three dimensions of body esteem for men and the three dimensions of body esteem for women. Internal consistency reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity support the use of the BES-R. This chapter provides the BES-R scale items, instructions for administering the measure to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and citation information, are also provided for readers.

Chapter 2 critically examines privacy-based conventional theories, which approach chilling effects as a result of privacy harms. While privacy-based theories of chilling effects improve on legal accounts, they are also too narrow and cannot explain chilling effects in a variety of contexts, including even forms of privacy-related chilling effects. Moreover, courts and judges have also remained deeply skeptical of privacy-based theories. To address these limitations and fully understand the threat chilling effects pose to freedom, fundamental rights, and democracy we need a new understanding of chilling effects that moves beyond conventional accounts.

The 9-item Broad Conceptualization of Beauty Scale (Tylka & Iannantuono, 2016) assesses the extent to which individuals are able to perceive a wide range of physical appearances as beautiful, whether these appearances are largely unchangeable (e.g., body shape) or more easily modifiable (e.g., personal style, dress), and draw from inner characteristics (e.g., confidence, self-acceptance) when defining beauty. While originally designed for female respondents, the BCBS was modified to be gender neutral. The BCBS can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the BCBS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the BCBS has been found to have a unidimensional factor structure within exploratory and/or confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the BCBS. Next, this chapter provides the BCBS items in their entirety, instructions for administering the BCBS to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Links to known translations are included. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.

This chapter reviews the psychological research examining the relationship between religious faith and life purpose. First, because defining the constructs of religious faith and life purpose have been such an empirically challenging task, the author offers various definitions adopted in the social sciences. Second, the author describes theoretical propositions about possible mechanisms that help to explain why religious faith contributes to life purpose. Although research is limited, the author then reviews the empirical literature that has addressed the link between religious faith and life purpose, including findings to date that suggest that various religious faith constructs may play a key role in cultivating one’s sense of life purpose. The author also reviews the literature that has examined the complex relationships between religious faith, life purpose, and well-being. Throughout, the author offers suggestions for future research to advance the science examining religious faith and life purpose. The chapter closes with a discussion of the implications of this research to inform understandings of the development and importance of religious faith, and life purpose to optimal human functioning.

Decision-making is vital in our daily living. Through the following book, readers will develop an understanding of decision-making from the underlying anatomy through to the complexities of free will.

The 13-item Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness Scale (ASMC Scale; Choukas-Bradley et al., 2020) assesses appearance-related social media consciousness (ASMC) – i.e., ongoing awareness of one’s physical attractiveness to an online audience. The ASMC Scale can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use in any setting. In this chapter, we discuss the development of the scale and provide evidence of its psychometric properties. The ASMC Scale is unidimensional, with evidence of partial measurement invariance across gender (comparing girls/women and boys/men). Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the scale with adolescents and adults. Next, we provide the ASMC Scale items in their entirety, instructions for administering the scale to participants, the response scale, the scoring procedure, and information about known translations (Chinese/Mandarin, Spanish, Turkish). Additionally, we provide logistical information, such as permissions, copyright, contact information, and considerations for alterations (e.g., related to short-term video-based social media). We also discuss initial findings related to ASMC, including gender differences in mean levels (with girls/women reporting higher levels of ASMC than boys/men), and evidence of associations between ASMC and offline body image and mental health constructs.

Self-discovery characterizes the late teens and early twenties. Accordingly, many young people turn to colleges and universities – with their expansive resources for occupational, ideological, and interpersonal exploration – to help them clarify who they are and where they are going in life. Although changes in identity and self-direction are normative, perhaps even expected, parts of one’s journey through college, people vary in their ability to find threads of continuity within themselves in the face of change. This leaves many of them feeling unstable and disconnected from the people they were in the past. A sense of being “off-course” in life is known as derailment and is consistently related to elevated levels of concurrent psychological distress. As demand for mental health services on college campuses rises across the nation, derailment represents a potentially salient experience that can help educators and practitioners better address the developmental needs of their students. In this chapter, I review the features of emerging adulthood before unpacking derailment and what it could mean within the landscape of this period. Then, against the backdrop of existing identity and purpose formation literature, I explore the alignment between current United States (US) college structures and the developmental needs of students, theorizing on how traditional institutional policies, practices, and opportunities encourage or discourage derailment during a student’s tenure. Finally, I close by looking ahead to the future, calling for empirical investigation of how higher education can support young people in finding a balance between maintaining personal stability and undergoing radical personal change.