The 29-item Body Image Coping Strategies Inventory (BICSI; Cash et al., 2005) assesses three distinct styles respondents use to cope with situational threats to their body image, which are appearance fixing, avoidance, and positive rational acceptance. The BICSI can be administered online or in-person to adolescents or adults; it is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the BICSI and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the BICSI has been found to have a 3-factor structure within exploratory and/or confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and construct validity support the use of the BICSI. Next, this chapter provides all BICSI items, instructions for administering the BICSI to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Links to known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as how to obtain the scale, permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

Some artists specialize in one very narrow type of creative output while others create in a wider range of areas. In this chapter, artists talk about how they view their creative output. Some talk about how they focus their work in one area, others juggle more than one related domain, still others create in two quite divergent domains, and one artist talks about how she juggles artistic and more traditional careers.

The 21-item Body Checking Cognitions Scale (BCCS) assesses the beliefs that maintain the individual’s use of unhealthy levels of body checking. The BCCS can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults (with or without an eating disorder), and is free to use in research and clinical settings. This chapter first discusses the importance of body checking and the cognitions that maintain it. It then describes the development of the BCCS, scoring of the measure and its subscales, and how it can be administered. The chapter then details the validity, reliability, factor structure and internal consistency of the measure, all of which support the use of a 19-item version of the measure. The BCCS has been shown to have four factors in most studies (using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis), though there have also been suggestions that two factors might be a viable model. Translations into a number of languages have been conducted. The full BCCS is presented, along with the scoring key and instructions for administration.

The 27-item Physical Appearance Comparison Scale-3 (PACS-3; Schaefer & Thompson, 2018) is a comprehensive measure of appearance comparison behaviors, assessing the frequency, direction, and emotional impact of weight, shape, general appearance, and muscularity comparisons. The PACS-3 can be administered online or in-person to young adults and adolescents and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the original PACS, PACS-R, and the PACS-3 within the appearance comparison literature and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the frequency items from the PACS-3 have been found to have a three-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory analyses across both American and Spanish samples. Items assessing comparison direction and emotional impact require further psychometric evaluation. Scores on the PACS-3 demonstrate adequate internal consistency and test-retest reliability and preliminary evidence of convergent and incremental validity. Next, this chapter provides the PACS-3 items in their entirety, instructions for administering the PACS-3 to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 24-item Body Image Flexibility and Inflexibility Scale (BIFIS; Brichacek et al., 2023) measures body image flexibility (i.e., openly experiencing negative body image thoughts, feelings, emotions, and sensations as they arise while connecting with a broader sense of self and personal values) and body image inflexibility (i.e., resisting, or getting stuck in, negative body-related experiences and disconnecting from important areas of life) as two distinct ways of responding to body image threats. The BIFIS was developed for adolescents and emerging adults (aged 11 to 30 years), is free to use, and can be administered online or in-person. This chapter describes the adaptation and development of the BIFIS and provides evidence of its psychometrics. The BIFIS has a hierarchical factor structure (two higher-order body image flexibility and inflexibility factors, each comprising four subfactors) and demonstrates measurement invariance across binary genders and age cohorts, and over time. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the BIFIS with young people. This chapter includes the BIFIS items, response scale, and instructions for administration and scoring. Logistics of use, including permissions, copyright, and contact information, are also provided.

The 3-item State Appearance Comparison Scale (Tiggemann & McGill, 2004) is a widely used measure of the amount of appearance comparison participants engage in within a specific situation. The State Appearance Comparison Scale can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free for use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the State Appearance Comparison Scale within the media effects literature and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. Importantly, the State Appearance Comparison Scale has been found to be reactive to experimental manipulation. Internal consistency reliability and convergent validity support its use. Next, this chapter provides the State Appearance Comparison Scale items, instructions for administration, the item response scale, the scoring procedure, and known translations. Logistics of use, such as permissions and copyright, are provided for readers.

The 49-item Fat Attitudes Assessment Toolkit (FAAT; Cain et al., 2022) is a multidimensional, non-stigmatizing measure of contemporary attitudes towards fatness and fat people, some of which are targeted in stigma reduction research. The FAAT can be administered online or in-person to adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the FAAT and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the FAAT has a 9-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses: Empathy (7 items), Activism Orientation (7 items), Size Acceptance (6 items), Attractiveness (5 items), Critical Health (5 items), General Complexity (6 items), Socioeconomic Complexity (3 items), Responsibility (6 items), and Body Acceptance (4 items). Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity support the use of the FAAT. Next, this chapter provides the FAAT items in their entirety, instructions for administration and scoring, and the item response scale. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.

This chapter examines the legal and social context of employment testing bias and fairness in Germany. Germany’s legal framework emphasizes individual rights and experienced discrimination, rather than scrutinizing testing systems. The Holocaust’s legacy shapes German views on fairness, making “Rasse” (“race”) a loaded term. The chapter addresses demographics, including the large migrant population and debates on sex/gender equality. Key legal protections are enshrined in the “Grundgesetz” (Basic Law) and the General Act on Equal Treatment (“Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz”). A German standard sets quality criteria for selection processes. Regulatory bodies – such as the Federal Anti-Discrimination Agency, works councils (“Betriebsrat,” representing employees’ interests in many German organizations), and the Disabled Employee Representative Body – address workplace discrimination, with the Betriebsrat able to veto selection methods. Legal recourse is limited to minor compensation. In summary, although German laws affect other areas of industrial, work, and organizational psychology, their impact on personnel selection science is rather low.

Culture can be a source of identity, including topics such as nationality, religion, race, and personal background. Culture can be an artistic inspiration, which can encompass many dimensions. Artists can want to share and teach, to process controversial social issues, and to engage in self-discovery. In this chapter, artists share how their culture shapes their creative output. For some, art enables them to address difficult topics that might not otherwise see the light of day.

In this chapter we provide an introduction to research in a very crucial time for women’s mental health, the perinatal period, beginning with an overview of perinatal psychiatry and the importance of conducting research in this field. We discuss some of the key considerations in determining the quality of information in published studies, with a focus on factors that may affect perinatal psychiatric research, and present examples of published research demonstrating these key considerations. We then give an overview of the challenges and opportunities for perinatal psychiatric research. Finally, we present some of the emerging topics in this field and provide the reader with online resources where they can find out more about perinatal psychiatric research.

When do artists feel that first intense pull toward creation? Some artists know early in their lives what they want to do with their lives. Sometimes, artists feel like their specific art choice has always been a key part of their identities. Other times, there is a sudden jolt of insight in which they realize their life path, whether from a gift, a moment of creation, or working on an artistic project in tandem with a friend or sibling. Peer support and approval can be a powerful reinforcement to pursue one’s artistic passion.

The 10-item Cosmetic Procedure Screening Scale (COPS; Veale et al., 2012) is used to screen for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) within cosmetic settings and is often used as an outcome measure in the treatment of BDD. It can be used to predict dissatisfaction with a cosmetic procedure. The 9-item Body Image Questionnaire (BIQ-9) omits the first COPS item and is considered a weekly version of the COPS. A labia specific version, the COPS-L and a penis specific version, the COPS-P are also available. This chapter first discusses the development of the COPS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the COPS is unidimensional, although the BIQ-9 has been found to contain two factors (interference/avoidance, other BDD symptoms) among adolescents. Internal consistency reliability, sensitivity to change, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity support the use of the COPS and BIQ-9. Next, this chapter provides the COPS items in their entirety, instructions for administration and scoring, and the item response scale. Links to known translations are included. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.