The 45-item Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory (EPSI; Forbush et al., 2013) is a self-report, multidimensional measure of cognitions/behaviors associated with eating disorder diagnoses. The EPSI includes body image-related constructs such as body dissatisfaction and muscle building, in addition to six other scales. The EPSI can be administered on paper for free and without formal permissions to adults and adolescents. Administering the EPSI online requires written permission from the copyright holder; see the chapter for additional permissions, copyright, and contact information. This chapter briefly details the development of the EPSI and evidence for its psychometric properties. The EPSI has an eight-factor structure based on confirmatory factor analyses, and has demonstrated favorable structural similarity (e.g., different types of invariance) across men and women, different weight statuses, and adolescents and adults. The EPSI has also demonstrated favorable internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity with related measures, discriminant validity from measures of negative affect and internalizing symptoms, and criterion-related validity by discriminating between different eating disorders. A description of instructions and scale/scoring, more specific information about the body dissatisfaction and muscle building scales, and a link to the full EPSI are provided. Information about an abbreviated version and translations is also included.

The Muscle Pictorial Measure (MPM; Gillen & Markey, 2015) is a figural drawing measure that assesses body perceptions. The discrepancy between perceived and ideal figures within the scale represents muscle dissatisfaction. The scale can be administered in-person or online to adults and is free to use in any research setting. This chapter first discusses the rationale for developing the MPM and then provides evidence of its psychometric properties. The scale has separate versions for men- and women-identifying participants. Because these scales are gender-specific, raw scores on each version cannot be compared; discrepancy scores must be calculated instead. The scale has established two-week test-retest reliability, and convergent validity as a measure of ideal muscularity among men. Participants of different racial/ethnic backgrounds identify with the figures. This chapter provides the MPM items in their entirety (including optional items), instructions for administering the MPM to participants, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

In Great Britain, the Equality Act 2010 provides protection from discrimination across services, work, and education. Given its application across contexts, a non-prescriptive, case-by-case approach considering the context and available evidence is taken to determine whether employment decisions have a discriminatory impact. When there is a claim of unlawful discrimination, employers may be required to provide relevant evidence that the selection procedure represents a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim. Where it is more prescriptive is in cases of indirect discrimination (disparate impact), with its two-step process for burden of proof, where claimants must first provide sufficient evidence of unlawful discrimination before employers must then provide adequate evidence against the case. However, methods and thresholds for testing disparate impact are not defined. As such, practitioners in the UK can look to guidance and regulations in other more stringent jurisdictions, such as the US, where guidance is more developed, for best practices regarding specific approaches to testing for bias and fairness in selection procedures.

This chapter explores how undergraduate students’ purpose and motivation for attending postsecondary education contribute to their retention, persistence, and graduation. As a lens for understanding these dynamics, this chapter provides an overview of the Interdisciplinary Theory of College Student Success, which posits that students ask several key questions that determine whether they stay in higher education; one of those questions pertains to their purpose for pursuing a degree and remaining at their current institution. According to this framework, there is not a single “best” type of purpose, since students have different motivations that can drive them to persist in the face of challenges and setbacks. The theory also highlights the role of educational intentions as a key driver of college decision-making. This chapter then discusses research that has directly explored students’ purposes for attending college, which often suggests that the development of purpose and educational intentions are informed by students’ identities and socialization.

Artists can get their first inspiration for what they want to do in their lives when they see another person’s work. Early encounters with theater, television shows, movies, books, or music can serve as catalysts for a lifetime in the arts. At the most fundamental level, experiencing the art of others can demonstrate that such a career pathway is possible. In this chapter, artists remember moments of seeing, hearing, watching, or experiencing a life-changing piece of art. Some artists continue in that specific domain, whereas others might be initially inspired by one domain but find a better artistic home in another domain. An artist’s early efforts may even be directly inspired by another piece of work.

The 50-item Situational Inventory of Body Image Dysphoria (SIBID; Cash, 1994) assesses negative body image emotions experienced during specific situational contexts. Each item contains a specific situational context (e.g., social gatherings, looking at self in the mirror) and respondents indicate how often they have negative emotional experiences when in these contexts. The SIBID can be administered to adults and adolescents, and it is free to use. There is a 20-item abbreviated form, the SIBID-S. This chapter first discusses the development of the SIBID and SIBID-S and then provides evidence of their psychometrics. The SIBID and SIBID-S are best treated as unidimensional. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and predictive validity support the use of the SIBID and SIBID-S. Next, this chapter provides all SIBID and SIBID-S items, the item response scale, and instructions for administration and scoring. Links to known translations are included. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 11-item Weight Bias Internalization Scale (WBIS; Durso & Latner, 2008) is a self-report measure that assesses levels of internalized weight bias. The WBIS can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults with overweight/obesity and is free to use in any setting. This chapter discusses the development of the WBIS, and then provides evidence of its psychometric properties in a variety of samples. Specifically, the WBIS has been found to have a unitary-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and is invariant across gender and weight status. Internal consistency reliability, and convergent, incremental, and discriminant validity support the use of the WBIS. Next, this chapter provides the WBIS items in their entirety, instructions for administering the WBIS to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Information on translations of the WBIS to seven other languages are available. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

Selection processes in France are governed by a comprehensive legal and regulatory framework that prioritizes fairness, non-discrimination, and equal opportunity. French labor laws explicitly prohibit discrimination based on twenty-five criteria, including sex/gender, ethnicity, disability, and age. Despite these protections, disparities persist, fueling ongoing policy debates and legislative refinements. Regulatory bodies such as the Defender of Rights oversee compliance and promote unbiased hiring practices. However, implicit biases and structural barriers continue to influence employment decisions, challenging efforts to achieve true workplace equality. Employers must balance legal obligations, diversity objectives, and test validity while adapting to evolving EU regulations, such as the AI Act (2024). The introduction of diversity labels and corporate social responsibility initiatives reflects a proactive commitment to fostering inclusive workplaces. Yet enforcement challenges remain, as rising reports of workplace discrimination highlight persistent gaps. Several recommendations have been proposed to mitigate discrimination without compromising the quality and effectiveness of selection methods.

The 10-item Photo Manipulation Scale (P-MaS; McLean et al., 2015) measures the frequency to which a person manipulates (digitally edits) their own appearance within photos prior to sharing on social media or other online platforms. Photo editing practices may include changing the size or shape of body parts, removing skin blemishes, and applying filters, which are easily performed through readily available phone apps. The P-MaS can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the P-MaS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. While mixed evidence for its unidimensionality has been observed, the authors recommend the calculation of a single total score. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and test-criterion validity support the use of the P-MaS. Next, this chapter provides the P-MaS items in their entirety, instructions for administering the P-MaS to participants, item response scale, and scoring procedure. Links to known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

Mentors can play a pivotal role in inspiring creativity in young artists. Some encourage by example. Others discover previously hidden talents or nascent abilities. Mentors can also teach young artists to trust in themselves and their talents. The chapter outlines how some mentors act as informal advisors, others are teachers who take on this added role, and still others are part of a more formalized mentoring system. In addition, the artists in this chapter discuss how they pass the baton to the next generation of creative people, both through informal mentoring and teaching. A related topic is how artists find that their art benefits from teaching others.

Inquiry into purpose spans multiple disciplines, perspectives, and centuries. Seemingly inherent in the process of human development is the desire for humans to find a direction for their lives. This chapter provides an introduction to purpose inquiry, underscoring how purpose research shows that the construct can permeate multiple domains of life. We outline some of the frameworks and theoretical traditions that the reader will encounter throughout this volume. Following this section, we discuss three central questions regarding the nature of purpose that have yielded nascent reflections and research directions to this day. We conclude by providing the outline for the upcoming chapters, noting how each provides a valuable and unique piece to the puzzle of purpose.

The 54-item Body Dysmorphic Disorder Symptom Scale (BDD-SS; Wilhelm et al., 2013) is a comprehensive, self-report measure that assesses the presence and severity of cognitive and behavioral symptoms associated with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). The BDD-SS can be administered online or in person to adolescents and adults and is free for use in clinical and research settings. This chapter outlines the development of the BDD-SS, highlighting its creation to address the need for a self-report tool that captures the heterogeneous symptoms of BDD. The BDD-SS has demonstrated moderate reliability (α = .75-.83) and convergent validity with other BDD-related measures, such as the BDD-YBOCS. Although factor structure and invariance have not yet been established, the BDD-SS has proven useful for identifying specific symptom profiles and treatment targets. This chapter provides the complete set of BDD-SS items, instructions for administration, the item response scale, and scoring procedures. Logistics of use, including permissions, copyright, and contact information, are also included for users.

Is purpose a cause, consequence, correlate, or component of well-being? Sense of purpose can be understood as the extent to which one feels that they have personally meaningful goals and directions guiding them through life. Because models of well-being differ in how they conceptualize what it means to be psychologically well, purpose is treated differently across these frameworks. In this chapter, we begin by considering how purpose fits in various well-being theories, including philosophical schools of thought (Liking, Wanting, and Needing theories), contemporary theoretical and measurement models (e.g., subjective well-being, Value Fulfillment Theory, Ryff’s psychological well-being, self-determination theory, Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishments, and other factors such as health (PERMA+)), and mechanistic models that seek the synthesize across multiple approaches (e.g., Engine Model of Well-Being, Eudaimonic Activity Model). We conclude by answering the question proposed in the title of this chapter, “Where does purpose belong in well-being theory?”, and by offering specific recommendations for purpose and well-being researchers.