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This book showcases the current state of the art of research on rhythm in speech and language. Decades of study have revealed that bodily rhythms are crucial for producing and understanding speech and language, and for understanding their evolution and variability across populations-not only adults, but also developmental and clinical populations. It is also clear that there is perplexing dimensionality and variability of rhythm within and across languages. This book offers the scientific foundation for harmonizing physiological universality and cultural diversity, fostering collaborative breakthroughs across research domains. Its fifty chapters cover physiology, cognition, and culture, presenting knowledge from neuroscience, cognitive science, psychology, phonetics, and communication research. Ideal for academics, researchers, and professionals seeking interdisciplinary insights into the essence of human communication. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
In an era of rampant misinformation, conspiracy theories, and political polarization, this book confronts the paradox between rational models of human cognition and seemingly irrational behavior. Drawing on cutting-edge research in psychology and other social sciences, it explores practical tools such as fostering digital literacy and cultivating 'wise deliberative spaces' grounded in argument, perspective taking, and moral inquiry. Written for graduate students, researchers, and general readers, E. Michael Nussbaum provides an accessible introduction to contemporary models of reasoning, motivation, and dialogue. With chapters on truth, talk, trust, and thinking, the volume presents a revised model of dual-process theory, linking it to deliberative dialogue while integrating insights from education, communication studies, philosophy, and political science. The result is a timely vision of cautious optimism for navigating today's post-truth challenges.
The scientific study of consciousness features a vast array of conflicting theories, but cross-disciplinary exchange between researchers from different camps is not always prevalent. This book seeks to address these complexities by providing a thorough introduction to the field while remaining accessible to those new to the topic. By exploring empirical methods, surveying a variety of competing theories, and outlining challenges for current approaches, it equips readers with the tools to evaluate existing theories. It also showcases contributions from the originators and leading proponents of today's most influential theories, providing unparalleled depth and clarity into diverse theoretical perspectives. Offering a thorough overview of scientific consciousness studies, this book presents new perspectives on a topic that has long puzzled scientists and philosophers alike.
Online education, smartphones, and generative AI have dramatically changed what and how we read. Amid this backdrop of changing media and habits, this book addresses the question: What do we know about the cognitive benefits of reading? And how might this change in a digital age? Presenting a synthesis of research spanning psychology, linguistics, neuroscience, and education, it offers a clear and accessible account of how reading transforms the human mind and brain. It demonstrates the profound cognitive enhancements on memory, attention, language processing, reasoning, and intellectual growth resulting from reading, beyond knowledge acquisition. This is an essential guide for students, educators, and researchers alike interested in the science of reading.
This chapter introduces the three levels of Life Design – a flexible model for applying Life Design to different areas of your life depending on your current energy, goals, and context. Level 1 focuses on small daily habits and routines, helping you build momentum through quick wins. Level 2 expands to your portfolio of meaningful activities – including your job, side projects, and passions – encouraging exploration beyond binary career choices. Level 3 supports your boldest dreams and long-term aspirations, guiding you to prototype big ideas through joyful, low-risk steps. Whether you’re redesigning your morning, rethinking your work identity, or rekindling a forgotten dream, Life Design helps you start small, grow your confidence, and move forward with purpose. Real-life stories of Amir, Monica, Jonas, and Elena show how Life Design unfolds uniquely across levels – starting from tiny tweaks to transformative life shifts. You don’t need to leap – just loop forward, one step at a time.
In a world facing technological disruption, demographic shifts, and ecological urgency, Life Design offers a hopeful, human-centered response. This chapter explores how Life Design helps us shape the future – not just individually, but collectively. Through ten provocations, readers are invited to reimagine success, work rhythms, intergenerational learning, prototyping for adults, and even behavior-inspiring furniture. We explore how AI can become a creative ally in reflection, ideation, and decision-making – if used with discernment. Life Design also provides tools for navigating longevity, designing sustainable and fulfilling postretirement lives, and contributing meaningfully to the UN Sustainable Development Goals. By connecting personal transformation with global action, Life Design becomes more than a method – it’s a mindset and a movement. The future isn’t fixed – it’s designed. And it begins with small, intentional steps taken today.
Vocabulary development is essential to early language acquisition, supporting cognitive, social, and academic growth. While much research focuses on general vocabulary, studies on multiple-meaning words – polysemous (related meanings) or homonymous (unrelated meanings) – are limited. This study focused on the expressive lexicon, examining (1) the progression of multiple-meaning word acquisition across ages 3, 4, and 5; (2) differences in acquisition between polysemous and homonymous words; and (3) the impact of a gamified intervention program on multiple-meaning word knowledge. Results showed age-related gains in multiple-meaning word knowledge, from ages 3 to 5. Polysemous words showed a trend of improvement from age 3, whereas homonymous word gains emerged only from age 4. The intervention program enhanced retrieval across all ages, with greater benefits for ages 4 and 5. These findings deepen understanding of expressive multiple-meaning vocabulary development in preschoolers and highlight age-related and semantic-category differences.
This chapter gives voice to the quiet crises and invisible transitions we rarely talk about – but that shape our lives in profound ways. Drawing from hundreds of Life Design workshops, we uncover five silent truths that often emerge only in private: the tension between passion and stability in choosing a portfolio career; the identity shifts of retirement; the hidden toll of social media on self-worth and clarity; the quiet yearning for deeper life satisfaction; and the common challenge of feeling “too busy” to act. Rather than offering quick fixes, this chapter helps name what has long remained unnamed – because design begins with awareness. It explores the concept of a portfolio career as a flexible, resilient path for those with multiple interests. It unpacks the emotional complexity of retirement, reframes social media’s subtle influence, and offers tools for microprototyping and strengths-based action. Through reflection prompts and Life Design methods, readers are empowered to turn silent doubts into starting points for change – toward a more meaningful, authentic life.
This chapter presents perseverance methods – science-based strategies to help you follow through, even when motivation fades. Instead of blaming procrastination on personal weakness, Life Design treats it as a normal part of the creative process. The Core Method, Nudging Nuggets, applies behavioral economics to create small cues and supportive structures that reduce friction and make action easier. Two additional methods target inner and outer support systems: DJ of the Inner Sound helps you tune into your internal self-talk and shift unhelpful voices, while Social Support Map visualizes and activates a personal network of people who energize, encourage, and hold you accountable. Together, these tools offer a more compassionate, strategic way to move forward – not with pressure, but with momentum, playfulness, and smart design.
This chapter introduces empathy methods as the essential starting point of every Life Design journey. Rather than jumping into solutions, empathy means slowing down and tuning into what energizes, matters, and feels authentically you. The chapter centers on three methods: (1) Three Good Things – a powerful, research-backed habit to increase well-being and emotional clarity; (2) Strengths Portfolio – a method for identifying and applying your signature strengths across personal and professional life; and (3) Connecting the Dots – a storytelling exercise that reveals patterns of aliveness and meaning from your past. Each method supports self-awareness, helps surface hidden desires, and offers practical steps for crafting a more fulfilling path forward. Whether you’re just beginning or returning to Life Design, these tools build emotional insight, support reflection, and serve as springboards for meaningful ideation and action.
Life Design matters now more than ever. In a world shaped by longer lives, evolving work patterns, and more frequent transitions, the traditional life script no longer fits. This chapter shows how Life Design offers a timely, science-based response – building “transition competence” to help individuals navigate uncertainty with agency, clarity, and confidence. Drawing on design thinking, positive psychology, behavioral economics, and knowledge visualization, it equips people with mindsets and tools to move forward through reflection and action. Life Design empowers us to see transitions as identity laboratories, reframe outdated stories, run small experiments, and build resilience. It replaces either-or thinking with portfolio approaches and helps turn confusion into momentum. Beyond the personal, Life Design also offers societal and organizational solutions for the future of work, aging, and well-being. It’s not just a method. It’s a movement – for a multistage life that’s meaningful by design.
This chapter introduces ideation methods, the second phase of Life Design, where creativity meets clarity. Moving beyond self-reflection, you’ll learn how to generate bold, surprising, and actionable ideas for your life. The Core Method, Core of Creativity, helps balance divergent and convergent thinking to unlock insight and momentum. From wild ideas to grounded next steps, you’ll warm up your creative muscles, generate possibilities, and choose prototypes to test. Two optional methods deepen the process: Opportunity Bingo turns your interests, strengths, and values into fresh combinations, while Future Scenarios stretches your imagination across multiple life paths to surface new options and insights. Whether you ideate alone or with others, the tools in this chapter help you move from stuck to sparked – making creativity a habit and possibility a practice.
This chapter introduces three powerful enablers for long-term transformation: energy competence, tangible output, and a supportive social environment. Together, they help Life Designers sustain momentum and integrate insights from workshops and coaching into daily life. Grounded in practical tools like the Energy Curve, Energy Map, and Energy–Tension Matrix, you’ll learn to design around your natural rhythms for more impact and well-being. Visual methods such as mini-zines and Life Design Spaces make ideas tangible and engaging, while social scaffolding – from psychological safety to Life Design Teams – fosters the courage to keep going. These practices bridge the gap between insight and implementation, empowering you to redesign not just your intentions, but the conditions that support lasting change. Sustainable Life Design is not about doing more – it’s about designing smarter, with energy, visibility, and community.
This article analyzes the evolutionary genesis of the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) mutation in East Asia through the lenses of institutional economics and systems sociology. While biology typically frames the absence of alcohol tolerance as a metabolic defect, this paper proposes the concept of functional redundancy. We argue that the specific social organization of rice societies—characterized by deep material interdependence—rendered alcohol consumption superfluous as an instrument for trust-building and social cohesion. The resulting genetic path dependency illustrates how historical institutional frameworks continue to shape the biological constitution of modern populations.
This study examines verbal backchannel behaviour in English children aged 5 years and 6 months, previously identified as late talkers (LT), compared to typically developing (TD) peers in naturalistic child–adult conversations. Data from the CHILDES Clinical English Ellis Weismer Corpus included 36 LT and 37 TD children. Verbal backchannels were analysed for quantity, type diversity, temporal distribution, and responses to opportunity points. TD children produced more verbal backchannels per minute of adult speech, especially in the middle and final conversation stages. While both groups preferred simple forms, TD children exhibited greater functional flexibility and entropy. LT children responded to fewer opportunity points, with reduced overlap and more missed chances. Despite age-appropriate standardised scores, LT children displayed persistent pragmatic deficits. These findings highlight assessing conversational skills in natural contexts and the need for targeted interventions to enhance socially coordinated language use in 5-year-old children with a late-talking history.
This chapter introduces prototyping methods – the heart of Life Design experimentation. Prototyping transforms ideas into tangible actions, allowing you to test life paths without pressure or perfectionism. Instead of waiting for certainty, you gain clarity by doing. The chapter presents ten playful, low-risk ways to explore possibilities: from desk research and volunteering to thirty-day challenges, role plays, and side projects. Two signature methods anchor the process: the Magic Circle, which helps surface bold dreams by aligning your values, energy, and longings; and the Stairway to Heaven, which breaks those dreams into actionable microsteps. Together, they offer a bridge from aspiration to implementation. Whether you’re curious about new directions or ready to reimagine your life, these methods help you act now – creatively, confidently, and joyfully.