Television is an important political tool in Latin America. In recognition of its ability to shape public opinion and influence political behavior, Brazilian electoral authorities provide political parties with free television airtime in the weeks preceding elections. While Brazil’s publicly financed electoral program levels the playing field between parties, it may contribute to intraparty resource disparities. This article contends that racial considerations influence how party elites distribute television airtime and thus contribute to the political marginalization of Afro-Brazilians. Using original data from Rio de Janeiro’s 2012 municipal elections, it shows that party officials provide Afro-Brazilian candidates significantly less airtime than their white counterparts, even after controlling for theoretically important nonracial candidate characteristics. Moreover, it shows that there are racial differences in how candidates use the airtime they are awarded. Afro-Brazilian candidates are nearly ten times more likely than whites to focus on racial issues in their campaign ads. These results provide new insight about why Afro-Brazilians are rarely elected to public office and, when elected, the types of issues they may address.

El artículo examina la relación entre institucionalización del movimiento indígena boliviano y su dinámica en el sentido de su actividad de protesta y su cohesión interna durante el período 1997–2014, para capturar el posible cambio en la institucionalización del movimiento con la llegada de Evo Morales al poder en 2006. En base al estudio hemerográfico de la prensa boliviana, el análisis concluye que el movimiento indígena pasó por la institucionalización bajo el gobierno de Morales, el hecho que está reflejado en la creciente representación indígena en las estructuras del poder estatal. Sin embargo, la institucionalización era un proceso selectivo y prefirió organizaciones campesinas antes que el sector indígena originario, que al contrario experimentó más bien cooptación que institucionalización. La selectividad del proceso produjo diferentes efectos en la movilización de las organizaciones individuales. La política favorable y el acceso a la estructura estatal moderó al sector campesino, mientras las organizaciones indígenas originarias afrontaron las estrategias gubernamentales de división.

Many have attributed the recent unprecedented wave of redistribution in Brazil to national economic and political factors such as the commodities boom, changes in minimum wages or premiums to skilled labor, the rise of the Partido dos Trabalhadores and President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and a commodities-driven economic boom. Yet much less attention has been devoted to the study of inequality at the subnational level, where trajectories of inequality across states remain incredibly varied. This article argues that Brazil’s most recent democratic transition enhanced political competition in many Brazilian states, which in turn has contributed to the amelioration of inequality. Using an original time-series cross-sectional dataset covering the highly redistributive period of 1998–2015, this article finds that Brazilian states with higher political and party competition have lower levels of inequality than those with less competitive party systems.

This article studies the legacy of local dynamics of the War of Independence in local state building in Mexico. The analysis shows that municipalities where local militias were organized have a higher number of public servants and a larger budget per capita in the early 1900s than municipalities with an insurgent legacy, relative to those with no conflict. The results hold when restricting the sample to neighbors and controlling for geographic and economic factors. Historical evidence supports existing theories of intra-elite conflict while highlighting the role of local fiscal councils in municipalities with a legacy of local militias. Decentralization during and after the war strengthened local elites, while the negotiated war termination added a political-elite layer of insurgent leaders, born in conflict with colonial-era economic elites. These findings suggest that the local dynamics of civil warfare can have long-lasting effects on state building, boosting local state capacity in some regions and not in others.

En este artículo propongo un nuevo enfoque teórico para analizar la militancia de alto riesgo. Argumento que, a la idea original de disponibilidad biográfica, de McAdam, es preciso integrar tres perspectivas analíticas: lo que aquí llamo repertorio de alto riesgo; un análisis de las estructuras de movilización; y, un entendimiento más preciso del tiempo, para lo cual propongo el concepto de situación de alto riesgo. Este nuevo enfoque teórico es puesto a prueba en el análisis micro de las trayectorias de vida de cuatro militantes que se hallaron en Ciudad de Guatemala, en una perspectiva de tiempo que va de 1980 a 1985. La perspectiva de alto riesgo es empleada aquí para entender una dimensión de la desaparición forzada, enfocada en los militantes, sus contextos y sus razones para, a pesar del alto riesgo, haber decidido permanecer.

This article considers how changes in Latin American countries’ age structures may affect their long-term economic performance through the impact on labor supply, dependency ratios, and productivity. It analyzes fourteen Latin American countries using population projections for 2015–2050 and considering three scenarios. The basic scenario assumes constant sex- and age-specific behavior concerning employment, while the other two scenarios imply increases in female activity rates and significant human capital accumulation. The results illustrate the heterogeneity of Latin American countries. In some of them, major productivity increases can only be achieved through substantial changes in the incorporation of women into the labor market, and especially in the educational level of the population as a whole. However, in most of the region’s countries, the demographic factor is still favorable and there is scope to exploit the demographic dividend.

Conventional measures of economic well-being, such as gross domestic product (GDP) and poverty, do not consider the goods produced within the household or the unpaid work done at home. This study analyzes the quantification of the value added generated within a Peruvian household based on the recalculation of the average wage of domestic workers. It proposes measure that complements monetary poverty by considering the time requirements for household production: the poverty of time. The calculation of this time shows that 43.7 percent of the population in 2010 was poor, that is, 12.62 percentage points above the official poverty rate. Thus, the vulnerability of 12.62 percent of the population is hidden when the conventional measure of poverty is used, which does not consider the time poverty of the people.

Este artículo analiza la manera en que determinadas políticas económicas (en este caso el proceso de privatización que involucró la industria azucarera dominicana a partir de 1999) pueden generar nuevas formas de subyugación individual basadas en la trampa de la deuda. Mediante el recurso a la literatura histórica y teórica del área del Caribe y al testimonio etnográfico de un joven migrante haitiano, dedicado al corte de la caña de azúcar, ilustraremos la dinámica concreta que informa las relaciones laborales en las plantaciones de la República Dominicana, para finalmente llegar a establecer una conexión entre la gestión privada de la industria azucarera y condiciones de trabajo comparables a la esclavitud de la deuda.

La política migratoria de Trump da continuidad al retorno de mexicanos a su país de origen. La magnitud del flujo, la alta presencia de niñas, niños y adolescentes y la complejidad y diversidad de sus trayectorias y características constituyen elementos distintivos del actual retorno. Uno de los estados mexicanos que más migración en retorno recibe es el de Oaxaca, configurado desde los años ochenta como uno de los principales expulsores de migrantes a Estados Unidos que ahora regresan acompañados de sus hijos menores. Consecuentemente, el sistema educativo, principal vía de (re)inserción de la niñez y la adolescencia a la sociedad en contextos migratorios, experimenta una mayor demanda de servicios por parte de esta población en edad escolar con características y necesidades distintivas. Los hallazgos de esta investigación muestran los principales elementos que impiden la (re)inserción al sistema educativo mexicano de las niñas, niños y adolescentes procedentes de Estados Unidos y sus consecuencias.

Este artículo muestra que centrar el análisis en las dinámicas de uso, posesión y propiedad de recursos naturales tales como el agua, permite cuestionar conceptualizaciones historiográficas tales como el proceso de independencia, cuando estas refieren a la historia de grupos subordinados tales como las mujeres. La investigación se enfoca en una serie de demandas por derechos de aguas en el último siglo de la Colonia española en Chile, que involucrarán a una o más mujeres. Estas disputas serán vistas como los primeros indicios de la implementación de la modernidad capitalista en el territorio, la cual resultará en una serie de modificaciones en las concepciones respecto a lo que implican la sociedad y la naturaleza, exacerbando, al mismo tiempo, la situación de dependencia de las mujeres chilenas a mediano y largo plazo.

This article argues for a decolonial response to elite understandings of the Nicaraguan folk play El Güegüense, highlighting a reading of Indigenous survivance. It examines the work from a perspective that seeks to eliminate the colonial interpretations placed on it by elite writers, thinkers, and nation builders. Through a review of the literature on the play, associated cultural expressions, and personal experiences and understandings, this article evaluates the work as a product of Indigenous culture and mentality rather than a product of mestizaje or other colonial forces. An analysis of the play’s dialogue, imagery, and dances is coupled with an Indigenous Chorotega perspective that demonstrates the spiritual significance of the work, in a discussion that seeks to lift the voices of Indigenous peoples of Pacific, North, and Central Nicaragua.

Antes del desarrollo de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación, existían narrativas que no solo ficcionalizaban la influencia de las nuevas mediaciones, sino que se inspiraban en el lenguaje del cine para proponer una experiencia sensorial de lectura distinta. Con las tecnologías digitales, esta experimentación literaria se potencializa. La naturaleza y el lenguaje de estas tecnologías han ampliado lo que primero fue imaginado y ensayado en el formato impreso. Para establecer una continuidad entre las apariciones intermediales de la imagen en movimiento en la narrativa impresa y las posibilidades de efectuación de esa intermedialidad en la literatura digital, se examinará la influencia de la estética visual del cine en dos cuentos del uruguayo Horacio Quiroga y una novela corta del colombiano José Félix Fuenmayor. Este análisis también estudiará dos novelas digitales, Pentagonal: Incluidos tú y yo de Carlos Labbé y Lagunas de Milton Laüfer.

This essay reviews the following works:

Making Immigrants in Modern Argentina. By Julia Albarracín. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2020. Pp. xiii + 268. $55.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780268107611.

Argentina in the Global Middle East. By Lily Pearl Balloffet. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2020. Pp. ix + 223. $30.00 paperback. ISBN: 9781503613010.

To Belong in Buenos Aires: Germans, Argentines, and the Rise of a Pluralist Society. By Benjamin Bryce. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2018. Pp. xi + 248. $65.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781503601536.

Immigration and National Identities in Latin America. Edited by Nicola Foote and Michael Goebel. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2017. Pp. vii + 366. $74.95 hardcover. ISBN: 9780813060002.

Postwar Emigration to South America from Japan and the Ryukyu Islands. By Pedro Iacobelli. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2017. Pp. vi + 262. $91.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781474297271.

Jesus Loves Japan: Return Migration and Global Pentecostalism in a Brazilian Diaspora. By Suma Ikeuchi. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2019. Pp. xvii + 235. $90.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781503607965.

Between Exile and Exodus: Argentinian Jewish Immigration to Israel, 1948–1967. By Sebastian Klor. Translated by Lenn Schramm. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2017. Pp. ix + 264. $54.99 hardcover. ISBN: 9780814343678.

Forging Ties, Forging Passports: Migration and the Modern Sephardi Diaspora. By Devi Mays. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2020. Pp. ix + 341. $30.00 paperback. ISBN: 9781503613218.

The Latinos of Asia: How Filipino Americans Break the Rules of Race. By Anthony Christian Ocampo. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2016. Pp. 272. $22.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780804797542.

Migrantes y refugiados en la posguerra mundial: La corriente organizada de españoles hacia Argentina, 1946–1962. By Emilio Redondo Carrero. Madrid: Sílex Universidad, 2018. Pp. ii + 580. $28.59 paperback. ISBN: 9788477376668.

Global Pulls on the Korean Communities in São Paulo and Buenos Aires. By Won K. Yoon. Lanham, MD: Roman and Littlefield. 2016. Pp. ix + 185. $88.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781498508421.

Mad Flight? The Quebec Emigration to the Coffee Plantations of Brazil. By John Zucchi. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press. 2018. iii + 205. CAD $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780773553590.

This essay reviews the following works:

Peruvian Lives across Borders: Power, Exclusion, and Home. By M. Cristina Alcalde. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2018. Pp. ix + 230. $28.00 paperback. ISBN: 9780252083464.

Decolonizing Ethnography: Undocumented Immigrants and New Directions in Social Science. By Carolina Alonso Bejarano, Lucia López Juárez, Mirian A. Mijangos García, and Daniel M. Goldstein. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2019. Pp. xi + 184. $24.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781478003953.

Accountability across Borders: Migrant Rights in North America. Edited by Xóchitl Bada and Shannon Gleeson. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2019. Pp. vii + 325. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781477318362.

Emigrants Get Political: Mexican Migrants Engage Their Home Towns. By Michael S. Danielson. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018. Pp. ix + 264. $74.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780190679972.

Telling Migrant Stories: Latin American Diaspora in Documentary Film. Edited by Esteban E. Loustaunau and Lauren E. Shaw. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2018. Pp. 339. $89.95 hardcover. ISBN: 9781683400233.

The Immigrant Rights Movement: The Battle over National Citizenship. By Walter J. Nicholls. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2019. Pp. xi + 296. $25.00 paperback. ISBN: 9781503609327.

Undocumented Lives: The Untold Story of Mexican Migration. By Ana Raquel Minian. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018. Pp. 328. $29.95 hardcover. ISBN: 9780674737037.

The Undocumented Everyday: Migrant Lives and the Politics of Visibility. By Rebecca M. Schreiber. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 2018. Pp. vii + 370. $30.00 paperback. ISBN: 9781517900236.

This essay reviews the following works:

The Two Faces of Institutional Innovation: Promises and Limits of Democratic Participation in Latin America. By Leonardo Avritzer. Northampton: Edward Elgar, 2017. Pp. 192. $39.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781786436641.

The DNA of Constitutional Justice in Latin America: Politics, Governance, and Judicial Design. By Daniel M. Brinks and Abby Blass. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Pp. xvi + 280. $34.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781316630914.

Fixing Democracy: Why Constitutional Change Often Fails to Enhance Democracy in Latin America. By Javier Corrales. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. Pp. ix + 288. $31.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780190868901.

¿Por qué necesitamos una nueva constitución? By Claudia Heiss. Santiago de Chile: Aguilar, 2020. Pp. 140. $6.99 e-book. ISBN: 9789566063049.

Democracy from Above? The Unfulfilled Promise of Nationally Mandated Participatory Reforms. By Stephanie L. McNulty. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2019. Pp. 248. $28.00 paperback. ISBN: 9781503608948.

Cómo hicieron la Constitución de 1917. By Ignacio Marván Laborde. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2017. Pp. 324. $15.95 paperback. ISBN: 9786077457664.

Building Participatory Institutions in Latin America: Reform Coalitions and Institutional Change. By Lindsay Mayka. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp. xviii + 320. $80.41 hardcover. ISBN: 9781108470872.

Democracy at Work: Pathways to Well-Being in Brazil. By Brian Wampler, Natasha Borges Sugiyama, and Michael Touchton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp. xvii + 370. $79.71 hardcover. ISBN: 9781108493147.

This essay reviews the following works:

Planetary Mine: Territories of Extraction under Late Capitalism. By Martín Arboleda. New York: Verso, 2020. Pp. xiv + 288. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781788732963.

Legacies of the Left Turn in Latin America: The Promise of Inclusive Citizenship. Edited by Manuel Balán and Françoise Montambeault. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2019. Pp. xxvii + 472. $60.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780268106577.

Growth without Development: Peru in Comparative Perspective. By Rubén Berríos. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2018. Pp. ix + 156. $90.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781498550734.

Who Speaks for Nature? Indigenous Movements, Public Opinion, and the Petro-State in Ecuador. By Todd A. Eisenstadt and Karleen Jones West. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019, Pp. x + 288. $19.53 hardcover. ISBN: 9780190908959.

Latin America’s Pink Tide: Breakthroughs and Shortcomings. Edited by Steve Ellner. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2019. Pp. vi + 364. $39.00 paperback. ISBN: 9781538125632.

The Myth of Economic Development. By Celso Furtado. Translated by Jordan B. Jones. Newark: Polity Press, 2020. Pp. xxx + 90. $19.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781509540143.

After the Pink Tide: Corporate State Formation and New Egalitarianisms in Latin America. Edited by Marina Gold and Alessandro Zagato. Oxford: Berghahn, 2020. Pp. 218. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781789208764.

Bolivia in the Age of Gas. By Bret Gustafson. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2020. Pp. xviii + 328. $27.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781478010999.

Resource Radicals: From Petro-nationalism to Post-extractivism in Ecuador. By Thea Riofrancos. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2020. Pp. xi + 264. $26.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781478008484.

Los ciclos políticos y económicos de América Latina y el boom de materias primas. Edited by Francisco Sánchez and Mercedes García Montero. Madrid: Tecnos, 2019. Pp. 376. $24.75 paperback. ISBN: 9788430975495.

Las fronteras del neoextractivismo en América Latina: Conflictos socioambientales, giro ecoterritorial y nuevas dependencias. By Maristella Svampa. Beilefeld: Beilefeld University Press, an imprint of Transcript Verlag, 2019. Pp. 142. Open access e-book. ISBN: 9783839445266. DOI: 10.14361/9783839445266-003.

This essay reviews the following works:

Ação afirmativa: Conceito, história e debates. By João Feres Júnior, Luiz Augusto Campos, Verônica Toste Daflon, and Anna Carolina Venturini. Rio de Janeiro: Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2018. Pp. 190. Open access e-book. ISBN: 9786599036477. https://eduerj.com/?product=acao-afirmativa-conceito-historia-e-debates-ebook.

The Prism of Race: The Politics and Ideology of Affirmative Action in Brazil. By David Lehmann. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2018. Pp. xxii + 272. $72.87 hardcover. ISBN: 9780472130849.

Confronting Affirmative Action in Brazil: University Quota Students and the Quest for Racial Justice. By Vânia Penha-Lopes. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2017. Pp. xii + 188. $95.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781498537803.

O sistema de cotas para negros da UnB: Um balanço da primeira geração. By Sales Augusto dos Santos. Jundiaí, SP: Paco Editorial, 2015. Pp. 420. R$59,90 paperback. ISBN: 9788546201334.

The Affirmative Action Puzzle: A Living History from Reconstruction to Today. By Melvin I. Urofsky. New York: Pantheon Books, 2020. Pp. xviii + 592. $35.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781101870877.

Antiracist Discourse in Brazil: From Abolition to Affirmative Action. By Teun A. van Dijk. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2020. Pp. vii + 256. $103.26 hardcover. ISBN: 9781793615473.

Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents. By Isabel Wilkerson. New York: Random House, 2020. Pp. 496. $32.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780593230251.