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This Element reassesses early modern Mediterranean diplomacy by positioning the Grand Duchy of Tuscany at the centre of cross-confessional interactions with several Islamic powers between 1574 and 1610. It demonstrates how a small state shaped and used diplomacy to pursue commerce, security, and prestige in the Islamic Mediterranean, while remaining reliant on papal and Spanish Habsburg support. The argument rests on three case studies: Bongianni Gianfigliazzi's 1578 embassy in Ottoman Constantinople; Medici diplomacy in the Maghreb, facilitated by the Corsican agent Andrea Gaspari, embedded in both Algerian and Moroccan power networks; and the 1610 negotiations with Shah Abbas I's envoy concerning Persian captives in Livorno. Together, these episodes present diplomacy as performative, negotiated, and multi-actor, demonstrating that small polities actively shaped Mediterranean order in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.
This Element evaluates the current theory for categorizing syntactic objects, including some of its main findings. It starts with categorization within the lexicon, where the categories of lexical items form the basis for categorization of phrases that contain them. In current theorizing the identification of a category label for a given syntactic object is distinct from the operation that generates compositional structure, the binary, set-forming operation Merge – thus allowing each to be maximally simple. This Element established how the efficient search for and identification of a label is required for the interpretation of a syntactic object at the cognitive interfaces that process both phonetic form and meaning. It shows how the approach works for simple cases and how it extends to more complex ones in a step-by-step fashion, drawing on phenomena from several languages, providing insightful and surprising analyses.
Global value chains (GVCs) are an important way in which modern businesses optimise their production processes by choosing to locate them in different countries. Given their importance to the world economy, it is no surprise that there is now a large literature in business. However, much less has been said about how insights from economics can be used in the analysis of GVCs. Reshaping Global Value Chains offers an in-depth and interdisciplinary analysis of global value chains, highlighting their crucial role in transforming global trade, production and development. It focuses on methods and toolkits closer to economics rather than other social sciences to explore key themes such as resilience, sustainability, innovation and inclusion, addressing the challenges posed by geopolitical, environmental and pandemic crises. Written by an impressive line-up of international scholars, this book provides practical and conceptual tools for understanding and rethinking GVCs in an era of increasing global uncertainty.
Immigration has reshaped and transformed societies, redefining what it means to belong. As movement across borders accelerated after World War II, European cultures diversified in profound and lasting ways. 'Beyond Cosmopolitanism' offers a comprehensive examination of the people who actively support immigration, tracing how their attitudes vary across countries and evolve over time. It reveals who these individuals are, where they live, and how deeply rooted their views are – whether through personal relationships with immigrants or through civic and political engagement on immigration issues. Drawing on cross-national statistical analyses, original survey experiments, and in-depth qualitative interviews, Rahsaan Maxwell uncovers the complex motivations and commitments behind these attitudes. With additional insights from civic engagement in the United States and global patterns of immigration opinion, this book provides a wide-ranging perspective on the forces shaping public support for immigration today.
Invented in Sweden in 1844, the safety match illuminated the lives of people around the world. The labels adorning these matchboxes were equally illuminating. There was a time when matchboxes were ubiquitous, carried in the pockets of people around the world. For this reason, the humble matchbox was embraced as a vehicle for influence. As the home of the safety match, Swedish matchbox labels became a valuable commodity in and of themselves. Swedish match factories were not just selling safety matches. They were selling a message to the people of Sweden and around the world. Strike! brings this forgotten world to life, showcasing hundreds of full colour Swedish matchbox labels. It also serves as a reminder of intellectual property law's pervasive historical influence, deeply interwoven into all facets of our lives.
My aim in this short book is to defend Hegel from some famous objections from Marx (writing on his own or with Engels). Across both chapters, I will focus on a Marxist objection to the effect that Hegel misunderstands the ultimate bases of social structure and historical change. Indeed Hegel's account is not just flawed or incomplete but completely backwards (standing on its head). In the first chapter, I consider Marx's (and Engels') historical-materialist critique of Hegel, which charges him with neglecting the foundational role of the economic base in history and erroneously prioritizing the ideological and legal or political superstructure. In the second chapter I turn to politics, considering the young Marx's case in favor of radical democracy and against the Hegelian rational state.
In recent decades, game theory has been extensively used in academic research throughout the social sciences, including international relations. The typical format of applied game theoretic journal articles is theorem-proof, but while the proof demonstrates that the theorem is true, it doesn't typically show how the researcher actually “discovered” the theorem. Ahmer Tarar's Game-Theoretic Models of International Crisis Bargaining explains how to derive the equilibria of (sometimes complicated) game-theoretic models. Examining central results on international crisis bargaining, using a unified modeling framework, he presents simplified versions of important published game-theoretic models in international conflict to demonstrate how to construct and solve game-theoretic models for academic research. He provides detailed derivations for each result, presenting a proposition summarizing the entire equilibrium strategy profile. With over 300 exercises, ranging from easy to difficult, Tarar provides readers with extensive practice for honing their skills and becoming skilled modelers.
After the Arab Spring, Tunisia emerged as the one success story to transition to democracy, winning a Nobel Peace Prize in 2015 for its focus on inclusion and power-sharing. How, then, did its democracy collapse in 2021? Drawing on unique interviews with senior Tunisian officials, alongside three nationally representative surveys of the population, The Rise and Fall of Tunisian Democracy points to an overemphasis on compromise, consensus, and power-sharing. Although power-sharing institutions can be useful at the start of a transition, the book finds that extending them beyond that point can lead democracy to unravel by frustrating voters and spurring the rise of populists and extremists. The book takes an in-depth look at Tunisia's transition and then explores how far the theory travels through a quantitative analysis of all democratic transitions between 1942–2020. Overall, the book reveals the dark side of power-sharing, broadening our understanding of the causes of populism, polarization, and democratic breakdown.
Bridging theory and classroom practice, this book takes a compelling look at English learners flourishing when freed from the constraints of native-speakerism. Drawing on a full-semester study with Japanese university students, this book inspects trans-speakerism-an inclusive, empowering stance that values all English speakers equally, regardless of their native or non-native status -and explores the way it transforms learners' confidence, identities, and sense of linguistic speaker legitimacy. Using Exploratory Practice (EP), it shows students engaging critically with linguistic ideologies, developing intercultural awareness, and discovering agency in their own language learning. Rich narratives, accessible explanations, and two original conceptual frameworks make the book both practical and inspirational for students, teachers, and researchers seeking more equitable approaches to English language education. Pushing back against long-held beliefs about who English users are, this book invites readers to rethink language learning in ways that champion all speakers and support more just educational environments.
Horses were a driving force behind medieval England's agricultural and economic expansion, although little has been written about the trade in these animals or how they were supplied. In the first book of its kind, Jordan Claridge addresses this gap, revealing that although lords and their estates relied heavily on horse power, they largely failed to produce agricultural horses themselves. Instead, it was England's peasants who bred the workhorses that fuelled the medieval economy. Peasants exploited opportunities in seigniorial society and identified conditions suited to horse breeding, coming to dominate the production and trade of working horses. Through meticulous analysis of manorial records, Claridge uncovers how peasant production not only sustained medieval English agriculture but also contributed to England's commercialization and long-term economic development. In so doing, he highlights the unexpected role of ordinary people in shaping economic transformation.
This is the first comprehensive study of the imperial admission, a daily ritual in which the elite greeted the emperor. It covers the period from Augustus to the fifth century and thus breaks down traditional periodisation in order to explore the admission in the longue durée. Mads Ortving Lindholmer reconstructs the details and development of this ritual and adopts an anthropological approach to reveal its centrality to the construction and performance of imperial power and legitimacy as well as to elite hierarchy. He also explores how a variety of writers challenged or supported the self-presentation of the emperor in the admission by creating literary representations of this ritual. Overall, the book provides new insights into the daily workings of imperial power and sheds new light on the long-term development of the Roman Empire.
Plato's Sophist in Antiquity offers the first comprehensive account of how one of Plato's most challenging and influential dialogues was read, interpreted, and transformed throughout the ancient Mediterranean world. Spanning from the Early Academy to Late Neoplatonism, the volume unites leading scholars in a systematic investigation of the Sophist's complex afterlife. Combining historical depth with philosophical insight, it uncovers how ancient thinkers – Aristotle, the Stoics, Plutarch, Plotinus, Porphyry, Proclus, and others – engaged with the dialogue's central questions about being, non-being, truth and falsehood, identity and difference, linguistic reference, and much else. By tracing these rich trajectories of reception, the book not only fills a major gap in Platonic studies but also demonstrates the continuing vitality of the Sophist for contemporary debates in metaphysics, epistemology, and the philosophy of language.
Shells were an important product in the prehistoric and ancient worlds. Dating back to the Palaeolithic period, shells are among the earliest symbolic artefacts and are a key indicator of human cognitive evolution. In this volume, Daniella E. Bar-Yosef Mayer offers a multi-disciplinary, global survey of shell artefacts in human history. Integrating approaches from biomineralogy, palaeontology, and geoarchaeology, she shows how humans exploited shells as fundamental components of material culture, alongside lithics and ceramics. Bar-Yosef Mayer traces how the transition to farming was accompanied by technological advances and innovations as reflected in new artefact types, including decorative objects, such as pendants and bangles, as well as tools and vessels, such as containers and fish-hooks. Her study also considers the use of shell money as currency in historical periods. Featuring examples of shell technology from around the world, this volume serves as an introduction to the topic and is suitable for use in courses on human prehistory and early civilizations.
How do domestic socioeconomic conflicts and imperial legacies from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries continue to shape contemporary governance? This book offers a groundbreaking dual perspective on bureaucratic development. It challenges Max Weber's prediction of uniform bureaucratic rationalization by revealing that public administrations exhibit fundamental and lasting differences across advanced capitalist countries. This divergence originates in historical conflicts between social groups, producing outcomes that remain embedded in current institutions across various European countries and the United States. Moreover, using innovative research designs, including assessments of Poland and Romania's historical divisions based on rigorous spatial methods, Jan P. Vogler demonstrates that bureaucracies imposed by empires over a century ago still affect government efficiency, meritocracy, and state–citizen relations today. Beyond in-depth historical analyses, he provides key insights for policymakers. Specifically, readers will learn why bureaucratic reforms that ignore historical legacies will likely fail, enabling them to understand why administrative systems have not converged, but instead differ so markedly across seemingly similar countries.
Natural scientists have joined forces to develop Earth System Science (ESS), a bold response to the mounting contradiction between the planet's limits and humanity's accelerating demands. However, interdisciplinary insights from social scientists are urgently needed to understand the various ways in which social and natural systems relate to each other, and to analyse the driving social forces within the anthroposphere. This timely volume is a rallying call for a 'World System Science' (WSS) in which social scientists and historians would step into this gap. International Relations experts draw from the fields of history, economics, and sociology to develop methodologies for a social science-led response to the political challenges of the Anthropocene. They identify areas of common ground where Earth System Science and World System Science might work together to generate and promote planetary stewardship, improving humanity's chances of surviving the Anthropocene crisis and looming tipping points in the earth system.
This groundbreaking book delves into the origins and evolution of caring for the neurocritically ill. From the early pioneers like Galen and Charcot to the modern advancements in understanding acute brain injury, this narrative weaves together historical insights and clinical observations. Explore the unique challenges and breakthroughs that shaped acute neurology into the specialized field it is today. Through a meticulous exploration of primary sources and historical findings, this book sheds light on the trajectory of thought and the continuity of development in acute neurosciences. Aimed at neurointensivists, neurosurgeons, and clinicians across various specialties, Fixed and Dilated offers a fresh perspective on the past while connecting it to the present and future of neurocritical care. Uncover the untold stories that have shaped our understanding of acute neurological conditions.
This new volume presents a more inclusive idea of the family in early modern Britain, foregrounding innovative approaches that have reframed the subject in the past twenty years. With contributions from a new generation of scholars working in collaboration with leading historians, chapters explore previously marginalised or neglected historical subjects. These include the experiences of disabled people, queer families, migrants, religious nonconformists and people of diverse heritage. The pressing concerns of war and empire are discussed, while race and ethnicity are also reconsidered in relation to intersectional dynamics of family membership and experience. Contributors rethink histories of children and religion, apprenticeship and parenting, as well as reflect on recent developments in history, including family emotion and the relationship between the family and environmental change. In early modern Britain, families were embodied and characterised by care, belonging and emotional connection, but also by exclusion and neglect. While some families might embrace change, others acted to conceal secrets or fractured under the strain of disruption.
Between 1939 and 1945, the Nazi regime presided over one of the largest campaigns of state-sponsored assimilation in modern history. Across Europe, millions of people were classified as members of the “master race” amid the horrors of the Second World War, a huge number of whom renounced their nationality to embrace Hitler's cause. Making Germans recounts this endeavor through the prism of its model, the Re-Germanization Procedure, a special initiative of demographic engineering run by Heinrich Himmler's SS which sent select foreign subjects to undergo conversion in the heart of the Third Reich. By documenting the experiences and relationships of the ordinary civilians who participated in the program, and examining the impact of their involvement, Bradley Nichols reveals a key interplay between Nazi empire-building at home and abroad. In that vein, this study offers a fresh take on the much-debated question of whether the Holocaust was a form of colonialism. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Building the Parish Church in Late Medieval England investigates the architectural, artistic, and cultural significance of local places of worship between the Black Death and the Reformation. Zachary Stewart provides the first systematic account of an exceptional type of parish church distinguished by the absence of any structural division between nave and chancel. Tracking its development across time, place, and setting, he explores how the type's integrated format not only expressed but also reinforced and reproduced collective processes related to the conception, construction, and customization of parochial space. The result, he argues, was nothing less than a new kind of public monument to collaborative action. Informed by a wealth of archival, archaeological, and architectural research, with special attention to East Anglia, Stewart's study demonstrates the importance of the parish church as a center for innovative material production in late medieval England. It also reveals how non-elite social arrangements shaped local life on the eve of the modern era.