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US multinational firms are crucial actors that shape and sustain the rules of the world order. They inherit the advantages conferred by US informal power and generally guide the substance of US foreign economic policy. When they expand abroad to take advantage of the opportunities provided by international rules, their foreign investments anchor their interests and lead them to build political influence. Multinationals do not always win; but the main constraints on their power arise within the US political system. They generally prevail when they credibly link their private interests to public interests and generally fail when their profits clash with prevailing elite views of national security. This book presents sophisticated economics in readable terms and traces a detailed history of the emergence of order in trade, finance, decolonization, development, property rights and intervention since 1945 and into the twenty-first century.
This textbook is meant for first-year undergraduates majoring in mathematics or disciplines where formal mathematics is important. It will help students to make a smooth transition from high school to undergraduate differential calculus. Beginning with limits and continuity, the book proceeds to discuss derivatives, tangents and normals, maxima and minima, and mean value theorems. It also discusses indeterminate forms, functions of several variables, and partial differentiation. The book ends with a coverage of curvature, asymptotes, singular points, and curve tracing. Concepts are first presented and explained in an informal, intuitive, and conceptual style. They are then covered in the form of a conventional definition, theorem, or proof. Each concept concludes with at least one solved example. Additional solved examples are also provided under the section "More Solved Examples". Practice numerical exercises are included in the chapters so that students can apply the concepts learnt and sharpen their problem-solving skills.
This fourth edition of what is now Kleinman's Diagnostic Imaging of Child Abuse remains the premier source of comprehensive information on all aspects of medical imaging related to child abuse and its differential diagnosis. Chapters cover all aspects of imaging of the abused child – musculoskeletal, spine, visceral and abusive head trauma. Thoroughly updated and revised, there are new chapters on imaging of abusive orbital and facial trauma, post-mortem imaging and on the differential diagnosis of abusive head and spine trauma. A section of the book addresses differential diagnoses for child abuse in the musculoskeletal system. The text is richly illustrated with over 1500 high-quality imaging examples by radiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear scintigraphy and ultrasound, supplemented with select correlative pathology images. With contributions from experts of multiple disciplines, this book is the sought-after source for reputable information on diagnostic imaging of the suspected victim of child abuse.
Knowledge-infused learning directly confronts the opacity of current 'black-box' AI models by combining data-driven machine learning techniques with the structured insights of symbolic AI. This guidebook introduces the pioneering techniques of neurosymbolic AI, which blends statistical models with symbolic knowledge to make AI safer and user-explainable. This is critical in high-stakes AI applications in healthcare, law, finance, and crisis management. The book brings readers up to speed on advancements in statistical AI, including transformer models such as BERT and GPT, and provides a comprehensive overview of weakly supervised, distantly supervised, and unsupervised learning methods alongside their knowledge-enhanced variants. Other topics include active learning, zero-shot learning, and model fusion. Beyond theory, the book presents practical considerations and applications of neurosymbolic AI in conversational systems, mental health, crisis management systems, and social and behavioral sciences, making it a pragmatic reference for AI system designers in academia and industry.
Many people read the Crito primarily as a companion piece to the Apology and as one of Plato's statements on the nature of politics and the citizen's relationship to the state. This book challenges both of those assumptions and shows, by close analysis of the characters, the argument and the dramatic features of the dialogue, that it is best read as an exploration of the nature and significance of Socratic moral reasoning. It shows that there is a single argument throughout the dialogue and that the 'Laws of Athens' are best understood as supporting Socrates' attempt to convince Crito that a commitment to the currently best rational argument justifies his submission to the death penalty, despite the injustice of his sentence. The importance of the Crito for later political and legal theory is great, but the reception of the dialogue should not blind us to its original intention and significance.
This volume offers in-depth coverage of varieties of English across the world, outside of the British and North American arenas. It is split into two parts, with Part one dedicated to varieties of English across Africa, and Part two looking at varieties in Asia, and Australia and the Pacific. There are introductory chapters dealing with the colonial transportation of English overseas, and the generic types of English which resulted, often labelled World Englishes, and examinations of English-lexifier pidgins and creoles. The remaining sections look at different geographic regions. Anglophone Africa divides into three blocks: west, east and south, each with different linguistic ecologies determined by history and demography. Asia, especially South Asia and South-East Asia, is similar in the kinds of English it now shows, with the significance of East Asia for varieties of English increasing in recent years. Varieties of English in Australia and the Pacific are also examined.
ThinkER equips emergency medicine residents with the tools they need to succeed where it matters most-at the bedside. Interactive and practical, the book is structured in two parts: the first section imparts the essential skills needed to excel in the Emergency Department, while the second section provides immersive case-based learning. Through realistic scenarios, readers are challenged to think critically, communicate clearly, and document effectively, with examples provided for review. The book trains readers in the cognitive framework unique to emergency care, where uncertainty, urgency, and limited information are commonplace. It also delves into the 'hidden curriculum' of Emergency Medicine: how to deliver bad news, collaborate with consultants, manage difficult nurses, and avoid communication breakdowns that lead to burnout. Helping to build the mindset and communication skills that distinguish great physicians early in their careers, this book is ideal for first-year residents, EMPA students, and medical students.
This book offers a timely and insightful exploration of security exceptions in international trade and investment law, focusing on the growing tension between national security measures and global economic stability. Through in-depth analysis and case studies of major global players, it uncovers how current practices are shaping international trade governance. The book examines the challenges posed by overly broad or narrow security exceptions, proposes practical reforms to improve legal clarity, and suggests ways to enhance cooperation between international organizations like the WTO and the UN. Aimed at policymakers, legal professionals, and scholars, this book provides valuable recommendations to help navigate the evolving landscape of global trade, offering concrete solutions to balance national security concerns with the need for economic cooperation.
Addressing the active and challenging field of spectral theory, this book develops the general theory of spectra of discrete structures, on graphs, simplicial complexes, and hypergraphs. In fact, hypergraphs have long been neglected in mathematical research, but due to the discovery of Laplace operators that can probe their structure, and their manifold applications from chemical reaction networks to social interactions, they now constitute one of the hottest topics of interdisciplinary research. The authors' analysis of spectra of discrete structures embeds intuitive and easily visualized examples, which are often quite subtle, within a general mathematical framework. They highlight novel research on Cheeger type inequalities which connect spectral estimates with the geometry, more precisely the cohesion, of the underlying structure. Establishing mathematical foundations and demonstrating applications, this book will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in mathematics working on the spectral theory of operators on discrete structures.
Explores how scientific meaning and decision-making are filtered through the stories we tell about science and through our social, cultural, and personal identities. Focusing on mothers as a prominent and important identity in science communication, this Element explores both the obstacles and the opportunities for public engagement with scientific topics. After providing an overview of the nexus of science communication, stories, and identities, the author applies key insights from these topics to the case study of motherhood in the climate change and vaccination controversies. They then offer science communication strategies based on these insights for science communicators, mothers, and other caregivers. This analysis is original research that demonstrates the value of understanding stories and identities in mobilizing mothers for both science skepticism and science advocacy.
Contemporary Australian Tort Law Cases and Materials is a comprehensible textbook for students new to tort law. It scaffolds student learning by introducing the principles of tort law and demonstrating their application via case examples and key legislation. The book takes a contemporary approach to issues in Australian tort law, with a section on feminist critiques of law reform and insight into the Stolen Generations litigation. It harnesses principles of authentic assessment by offering review questions, critical thinking questions, discussion topics, comparison questions and practice problems. The annotation of the cases to highlight key principles further consolidates the book as a student-centric and learner-friendly resource. This unique approach will assist student comprehension of a range of torts and their defences, including negligence, trespass, nuisance, defamation, breach of statutory duty, and misfeasance in public office. The book also addresses vicarious and concurrent liability, remedies (including damages), and Australian statutory compensation schemes.
An intricate landscape of bias permeates biomedical research. In this groundbreaking exploration the myriad sources of bias shaping research outcomes, from cognitive biases inherent in researchers to the selection of study subjects and data interpretation, are examined in detail. With a focus on randomized controlled trials, pharmacologic studies, genetic research, animal studies, and pandemic analyses, it illuminates how bias distorts the quest for scientific truth. Historical and contemporary examples vividly illustrate the impact of biases across research domains. Offering insights on recognizing and mitigating bias, this comprehensive work equips scientists and research teams with tools to navigate the complex terrain of biased research practices. A must-read for anyone seeking a deeper understanding of the critical role biases play in shaping the reliability and reproducibility of biomedical research.