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This comprehensive History examines Middle Eastern modernism through analyses of its roots and development across Turkish, Arabic, Persian, and other regional languages. An international team of contributors explains the modernist movement in the Middle East from its beginnings in the nineteenth century until today. Combining linguistic breadth and focused treatments of canonical works of Middle Eastern modernist art and literature, this History highlights remarkable connections in modernist form and content that link the Arab world to the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic as well as Qajar and Pahlavi Iran, Central Asia, and even India, often to the exclusion of Western modernist norms and experiments. Working within the broader framework of global modernisms while attending to the movement's local particularities, this volume establishes Middle Eastern modernism as a vibrant field of inquiry and a cornerstone for modernist studies more generally.
How is it possible that economists generally fail to foresee recession, yet forecasting has never lost its appeal and importance? Using a combination of published scientific and technical literature, newspaper articles as well as archival material from thirty-three research sites in six countries, Tools of Trust looks for an answer to this question. It tells the history of business forecasting in the twentieth century, tracing the emergence and fundamental transformations of forecasting techniques and their role in economic and political decision-making. It investigates how the role of business forecasting has changed and how this has transformed economic and political decision-making. Offering a nuanced understanding of the crucial role forecasting plays in managing economic uncertainty, this book examines how unforeseen economic crises have paradoxically reinforced the importance of forecasting, turning it into an indispensable tool to reduce economic uncertainty and stabilize the capitalist order.
In the years surrounding the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, major non-Muslim communities of Zoroastrians, Christians, Jews, and Bahaʾis negotiated identities, rights, and power structures. Using primary documents from Iranian, British, and French archives, Saghar Sadeghian sheds light on an underexplored aspect of Iranian and Middle Eastern history and offers a comparative view of these communities during the late Qajar era. This study draws on theories from Foucault, Agamben, and Lefebvre, providing an interdisciplinary analysis that connects history and sociology. The position of non-Muslims in Iranian society created heterotopias for the Muslim majority, yet the fluid identities blurred boundaries and bent regulations. Sadeghian explores the roles of non-Muslims in the revolution, demonstrating the impacts on these groups at the intersection of religion, economy, and politics.
This book offers a comprehensive introduction to Markov decision process and reinforcement learning fundamentals using common mathematical notation and language. Its goal is to provide a solid foundation that enables readers to engage meaningfully with these rapidly evolving fields. Topics covered include finite and infinite horizon models, partially observable models, value function approximation, simulation-based methods, Monte Carlo methods, and Q-learning. Rigorous mathematical concepts and algorithmic developments are supported by numerous worked examples. As an up-to-date successor to Martin L. Puterman's influential 1994 textbook, this volume assumes familiarity with probability, mathematical notation, and proof techniques. It is ideally suited for students, researchers, and professionals in operations research, computer science, engineering, and economics.
Islamist civil wars pose a major challenge to peace and security around the world. Written by two leading scholars of conflict resolution, Jihadist Peace: Ending Islamist Civil Wars offers a groundbreaking analysis of why these conflicts are among the most difficult to end, and what can be done about it. The book makes a theoretical contribution by explaining their intractability, arguing that the transnational ideological framing of Islamist civil wars increases uncertainty about the capabilities and resolve of the warring parties. Drawing on conflict resolution theory, rigorous statistical analysis, and detailed case studies of Afghanistan, Mauritania, Mali, and Syria, the authors explore the conditions under which these wars can both come to an end and be resolved. They argue that the local dimension is key: by disentangling both rebel and government actors from broader networks, Jihadist Peace charts a path toward resolving some of the world's most intractable civil wars.
Rage is having a moment. It is everywhere, among men, women and children, but particularly among feminists like us. This Element is a concentrated meditation on women's rage in Bruised Hibiscus (2000) and Negra (2013), two novels by and about Caribbean women. We explore how expressions of rage braided with feminist solidarity figure in these novels and how this mixture produces affective and political responses to racism and gender-based violence. Our focus on the contours of Caribbean women's rage advances feminist thought on rage as a political tool of power. In selected readings of our two novels, we identify feminist solidarity as an essential and shared factor in the discursive expression of Caribbean women's rage: We argue that the female protagonists in Bruised Hibiscus and Negra articulate their rage differently but use it similarly to claim the power to resist if not to eradicate racism, gender-based violence, and sex shaming.
The relationship between the biblical representations of the past and the history of the second and early first millennia BCE is best comprehended by the concept of cultural memory. This volume investigates the dynamics of cultural memory in the Hebrew Bible, with case studies on the ancestors, the Exodus, the conquest, and Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. The texts create a monumental past by a mixture of memory, forgetting, revision, and re-actualization, motivated in various measures by religion, politics, the landscape, ethnic relationships, and cultural self-fashioning. The archaeology of the Levant illuminates the complicated pathways between history and biblical memory.
How has it happened that the term kânûn has been adopted by different political and legal regimes – Muslim empires, Muslim monarchies, colonial states, secular and Islamic republics – to refer to their respective 'state laws'? This study explores the lengthy and complex history of kânûn from the fifteenth through the eighteenth centuries. The transformations of the concept enabled its broad circulation and malleable applications in significantly different political and legal contexts across time. Guy Burak examines how the Ottoman dynasty and its administrative, intellectual, and judicial elites experimented with the concept of kânûn, alongside Ottoman subjects and foreigners. Written in accessible language, the study covers a wide range of material from Turkish, Arabic, and Persian sources. By focusing on specific moments along the genealogy of kânûn, Burak draws attention to aspects of this concept that have shaped its post-Ottoman history. This is a Flip it Open title and may be available open access on Cambridge Core.
Shakespeare and Blended Learning charts a distinctive perspective that connects best practices of in-classroom activity with those of online learning to create a dynamic model for teaching Shakespeare. A blended approach to Shakespeare, we argue, stands to make his works more engaging, accessible, and relevant to students. Drawing on established research and best practices in blended pedagogy, course design, and assessment, and applying them to a range of plays including Hamlet, King Lear, The Winter's Tale, Twelfth Night, and 1 Henry 4, we argue that teaching Shakespeare does not demand a choice between in-person and online learning but rather maximizes engaged student learning by combining the two. This book will appeal to readers who wish to update an extant course with fresh tips and tricks or who seek more formalized, sustained training on how to teach Shakespeare responsibly with technology.
From the 1920s to the 1960s in Cuba, against the backdrop of revolutions, new constitutions, and rampant inequality, the Cuban Communist Party stood out as an unparalleled space for Black political leadership, activism, and advocacy. This party, led by Black political actors, including labor leaders, members of Black fraternal organizations and the Black intelligentsia, fought for an end to racial discrimination and used their voices to advocate for true equality. Analyzing US government surveillance records, Cuban newspapers, government records, party pamphlets, and more, Kaitlyn D. Henderson illustrates how the Cuban Communist Party created a unique space for an expression of Cuban Black nationalism and how communist parties in the western hemisphere strayed from traditional Marxist ideology. An important corrective, this book sheds light on the overlooked history of Black Communist leaders who fought for equality before the Revolution changed everything.
This Element provides the first large-scale inquiry into the 'Reopen' protest movement against COVID-19 public health shutdowns. We synthesize digital ethnography inside the movement with text analyses of an original data set spanning more than 1.8 million Facebook comments and posts from over 224,000 online activists. We characterize the movement's origin, growth, and evolution as it interacted with public policies and offline protests. We explain individual- and group-level dynamics of radicalization over time, across topics, and, paradoxically, in response to content moderation. We extend existing theories of contentious politics to suggest that movements that fail to maintain their connection to offline organizations are especially prone to mutability, radicalization, and exhaustion. Together, our findings offer a powerful theoretical framework for understanding social movements in the digital age, while updating and extending classical social movement theory.
This Element explores the analysis of deception in written texts from a forensic linguistic perspective. It provides an overview of the evolution of deception research and philosophy, from its earliest conceptualisation as a sin against God, to cue leakage theories and pseudoscientific beliefs built on medieval concepts of deceptive behaviour, to current psychology and linguistic based approaches to identifying lying. This requires an appreciation of where linguistic analysis fits into the eight decades plus of deception research, which is addressed here: the relationships between deceptive intention and communication; between emotional states and the linguistic features claimed to represent them; and between language and linguistic analysis. This Element is written for the non-linguist professional, especially those engaged in investigative and inquisitorial contexts, to provide them with some knowledge to assess the strengths and limitations of approaches to analysing lying and deception as produced in written texts.
Throughout decades of research, motivation remains a vital part of psychology and other areas of the behavioural sciences. Frederick Toates explores this important psychological and biological process through an integrative account of how internal and external influences shape the decision making that guides and activates behaviour. Now extensively updated and expanded for modern readership, this textbook is equally accessible to undergraduates and engaging for academics. Drawing on psychology, neuroscience, and ethology, it presents a uniquely synthesised perspective of what motivates us. The chapters pull together diverse phenomena under one conceptual roof, including newly examined causes of behaviour such as the motivation associated with pain. Richly illustrated with personal anecdotes and examples from leading figures in the behavioural sciences, the text is accompanied by a test bank. This clear and supportive guide reveals how motivation systems take shape from the interactions between brain, body, and environment.
Since Korean cultural products and entertainers have gained global popularity – the so-called Korean Wave – many studies have regarded the Korean Wave as Korea's soft power. However, the concept of soft power remains contested in the political science literature, particularly because it is difficult to clearly distinguish it from hard power. This Element, therefore, examines whether the Korean Wave can be considered Korea's soft power within the debate surrounding the concept. The findings indicate that the Korean Wave has enhanced Korea's national image and increased trade and international interest in the country. As Korea is not a superpower, this case suggests that soft power can be real without hard power support and that the Korean Wave is Korea's soft power. Nevertheless, due to the limited evidence that the Korean Wave leads to policy changes in other countries, the term “soft power” should be used with caution.
'Hipponax the poet' is an elusive figure. Stories about him abounded already in antiquity, at least in part extrapolated from the stories about himself that abounded in his poems. But what distinguishes him from other Greek lyric poets is the manner in which his corpus suggests a strategy of mischievousness around self-presentation: a deliberate confounding of expectations, the projecting of a pointedly strange and untrustworthy authorial persona. This is the first book-length literary study of Hipponax for almost half a century. It is written by an international team of scholars, who tackle various topics such as his relationship with social mores, performance practices, earlier and later poetry, and the visual arts. Contributors apply a range of perspectives for a richer understanding of Hipponax's poetics and provide close readings of several key texts. The volume is suitable for scholars and students of literature and all the Greek is translated.
Early English writers describe their landscapes in the same way they describe themselves. Illuminating the forms medieval people used to write their world, Amy W. Clark provides a new epistemological model for understanding early medieval English relational selves and positions. Beginning with the relationally oriented streams, oaks, and gates of Old English charters, she shows that Old English riddles similarly describe paths between long noses, loud voices, and puzzling contradictions, guiding readers to hidden mysteries. Widsith revisits legendary landmarks to comment on knowledge, power, and what it means to 'give good,' while the Old English elegies cope with catastrophic loss by mapping the remembered past onto an inverted present. In particular, Clark demonstrates how repetition becomes a key formal strategy when landscapes and selves are threatened. From bounds to Beowulf, she shows that Old English and Anglo-Latin texts revisit relational landmarks to stabilize knowledge and selfhood in an ever-changing world.
Why do some societies embrace religious diversity while others struggle with exclusion? Faith and Friendship reveals how the friendships we form—and those we avoid—shape interfaith attitudes across the Muslim world. Drawing on large-scale surveys from Indonesia and beyond, the book shows that religiously homogeneous friendships can unintentionally nurture stereotypes and social divides. Introducing the Boundaries, Opportunities, and Willingness (BOW) Framework, the book explains how state policies, civic spaces, and personal choices combine to determine whether people connect across faith lines. Blending rigorous research with vivid human stories, Faith and Friendship offers a new way to understand the roles of religion and social networks in everyday life and provides insights for anyone seeking to bridge interfaith divides.