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The Viceroyalty of the New Kingdom of Granada (present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Western Venezuela) was one of the largest global gold producers during the late colonial period. A distinctive commerce-oriented society emerged that diverged from the silver economies of Mexico and Peru. This study examines how the crossflow of precious metals fostered monetization, productive specialization, and financial complexity across New Granada societies. It interweaves a unique, broad set of quantitative sources to analyze the direction, magnitude, and dynamics of interregional flows of precious metals, domestic staples, and global goods. Combining Social Network Analysis and innovative sources, this is one of the first attempts to provide a quantitative assessment of monetary and commodity flows in any region of the former Spanish Empire.
This Element revisits the conceptual history of freedom and democracy in Cold War South Korea. Cold War liberalism is usually told as a North Atlantic story of defensive anti-communism, the 'liberalism of fear', and pluralist scepticism towards mass politics. Yet behind that veneer lay another face - the technocratic administrative state - that became dominant once Cold War liberalism reached the decolonising periphery under the rubric of 'modernisation'. Through a conceptual historical analysis, this Element traces how freedom and democracy were continually recombined with nationalism, developmentalism and diverse moral-economic registers, generating conceptual problematics the metropolitan tradition had rarely been compelled to confront. From the Founding Constitution through 'Korean-style democracy' to the minjung turn and democratic transition, Cold War Korea emerges not as belated reception but as a vantage from which liberalism's constitutive tensions become visible.
This is a comprehensive introduction to one of philosophy's deepest and most fascinating puzzles, the Liar Paradox. It introduces key theories of truth and paradox, and combines accessibility with depth, tracing the paradox from its simplest formulations to the most sophisticated contemporary theories. Chapters by leading philosophers and logicians present both classical and non-classical approaches - supervaluationist, paracomplete, paraconsistent, and substructural - and examine broader families of paradoxes alongside general theories of paradoxicality. The volume also explores the paradox's connections to meta-mathematics, modality, vagueness, quantifiers, context-dependence, and natural language semantics, demonstrating its far-reaching significance and its central role in logic, philosophy of language, and theoretical linguistics. Structured for clarity, each chapter introduces key ideas and develops advanced arguments, making the book an essential resource for students, researchers, and professionals seeking a comprehensive understanding of semantic paradoxes and theories of truth.
This Element demonstrates that the epistemic value of sound and listening (real and imagined) was central to early modern travel writing. It argues that traveller-writers and their editors, in this case Samuel Purchas, intentionally stimulated the ears and auditory imaginations of their listener-readers. By Listening to Early Modern Travel Writing, audiences hear sounds that connote more than descriptive detail; taken together, sounds added credibility to the narratives and embodied proof of the travellers' personal experiences. The Element also uncovers the layers of sound fundamental to the accounts and their reception, arguing that at every stage – from the sound itself, to its interpretation by the initial auditor, to its textual signification, and its reinterpretation by editors – the body functioned as a vital site in both the pursuit and articulation of religious and scientific knowledge. Finally, it argues that such sensory and embodied practices contributed to English Protestant imperial hierarchies.
This Element examines how late-modernist poetics intersected with the material realities of the book trade. The first section looks at the publication of Geoffrey Hill by André Deutsch, a trade publisher issuing poetry alongside a general list. The publication of David Jones by Fulcrum Press, an independent start-up specialising in poetry, is the subject of the second section. The third section turns to the postcolonial picture, focussing on the posthumous publication of Nigerian poet Christopher Okigbo in Heinemann's African Writers Series while the Biafran War raged. The last section looks at Cape Goliard, a unique attempt to embed a small press within a major publishing house. Situating these ventures within broader histories of modernism, postcolonialism, and transatlantic exchange and bringing new archival evidence to light, Poetry and Publishing in the Long 1960s illuminates the publishing cultures that sustained late-modernist poetry, and the history and ultimate retreat of 1960s cultural optimism.
To deal with an increasingly large and sophisticated class of real life problems, image processing methods range from the traditional filtering and thresholding techniques to advanced variational models and deep learning algorithms. Regularization is a key concept in developing a variational model to ensure that a model has at least one solution and hence efforts in devising efficient algorithms worthwhile. High order and nonlocal regularization is particularly important, especially when the underlying problem (i.e. input image) requires one to minimize intensity differences within a large neighbourhood (e.g. beyond immediate voxels) for smoothness consideration. This Element aims to survey, review and discuss the state of the art techniques towards the latter kind of methods, emphasizing foundations, algorithms (and codes) and open challenges of high order and nonlocal regularizers for imaging tasks in commonly practised application scenarios.
In White Knuckling, Tess Wise combines political economy, political development, and ethnography to develop a theory of systemic racism as a political process. Using a Racialized Political Economy (RPE) lens, she links institutions, material conditions, culture, and contestation to demonstrate how systemic racism both benefits and harms white middle-class families. Drawing on interviews with families and bankruptcy court records, she follows individuals under economic strain and experiencing 'white knuckling' as they work through debt to explore how financialization turns hardship into revenue. She reveals that the promised rehabilitation often fails, operating as hidden public-private welfare that can preserve some assets while entrenching precarity. Tracing scripts of deservingness and responsibility, Wise demonstrates how racism in political economy helps and hurts white middle-class Americans, blinding them to their racial privilege and undermining the mechanisms that would lead to race and class solidarity.
This volume offers a sustained examination of ancient Greek philosophical accounts of truth. Thinkers from the Sophists and Presocratics to the Hellenistic schools gave substantial attention to the nature of truth, to what kinds of things are capable of being true, and to how truth may vary with perspective, context, or standards of assessment. A distinguished cast of world-leading scholars examine these diverse positions, showing how ancient philosophers grappled with questions that remain central today: whether truth is absolute or relative, how faultless disagreement is possible, and what it is for a statement to be correct relative to different parameters of assessment. The result is a rich historical and philosophical account showing the complexity of ideas about truth in Greek antiquity.
This book offers a comprehensive introduction to Markov decision process and reinforcement learning fundamentals using common mathematical notation and language. Its goal is to provide a solid foundation that enables readers to engage meaningfully with these rapidly evolving fields. Topics covered include finite and infinite horizon models, partially observable models, value function approximation, simulation-based methods, Monte Carlo methods, and Q-learning. Rigorous mathematical concepts and algorithmic developments are supported by numerous worked examples. As an up-to-date successor to Martin L. Puterman's influential 1994 textbook, this volume assumes familiarity with probability, mathematical notation, and proof techniques. It is ideally suited for students, researchers, and professionals in operations research, computer science, engineering, and economics.
Drawing on the knowledge of leading scholars in the field, International Relations of the Middle East is a unique textbook that explores the promise and limitations of International Relations theories through detailed examination of various case studies from the Middle East. The textbook explores the full spectrum of theoretical perspectives, ranging from mainstream (classical realism, structural realism, liberalism, Marxism, the English school) to critical approaches (historical sociology, constructivism, poststructuralism, postcolonialism, feminism, and green theories). Each chapter follows a consistent format and engages with case studies from Egypt, Syria, Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, and Algeria, addressing themes such as revolution, war, the Arab-Israeli conflict, foreign policy, gender, natural disasters, identity, and the environment. The textbook concludes with a chapter that evaluates International Relations theory as it applies to the Middle East and beyond.
This Element presents a case study of Emilia by Morgan Lloyd Malcolm, based on the life of the Elizabethan poet, Emilia Bassano, in three different contexts: its premiere at Shakespeare's Globe Theatre in London 2018; transfer to the Vaudeville Theatre, West End, in 2019; and the online streaming of Emilia during the coronavirus pandemic. Intersectionality is a key consideration explored through Lloyd Malcolm's script, the play's rehearsal process and performance(s). How the feminist politics of Emilia play out in the Globe as a flagship heritage site is a second area of enquiry. The feminist uses of nostalgia constitute a third consideration; these emerge through analysis of Lloyd Malcolm's reimagining of the Elizabethan past and audiences' nostalgic longing for live theatre during the pandemic. Brought together, these three primary matters consolidate and demonstrate Emilia as a landmark study in collectively realised, ensemble feminist theatre making for the contemporary British stage.
Why and how did English society embrace the prison as an answer to social problems? This study uncovers an important part of this story, revealing the growing centrality of prisons in early modern England to everyday social relations based on credit and debt. Between 1560 and 1700, prisons became essential to disciplining economic and moral life, provoking growing anxiety over incarceration and loss of liberty. In turn, new ideas crystallised about prisons as tools of coercion, deterrence, punishment and rehabilitation, while novel abolitionist politics developed among prison activists. This came to a head during the English Revolution, when prisoners' longstanding antagonism towards state and legal institutions entered radical milieus and law reform movements, impacting debates over authority, tyranny and liberty. This study reveals how straining credit networks, swelling prison populations and socioeconomic upheaval reshaped early modern society and politics. In doing so, Richard Thomas Bell sheds new light on the development of carceral ideas that remain fundamental, yet increasingly controversial, in contemporary society.
No Neutral Ground examines the complexities of promoting democracy after civil wars, focusing on the role of domestic non-governmental organizations (NGOs). While peace and democracy promoting NGOs are expected to be impartial in their activities, in the aftermath of violence, citizens may distrust these organizations and perceive them as exclusionary, detracting from their effectiveness. The book explores how post-war polarization shapes the interactions among citizens, NGO leaders, and governments, influencing citizen attitudes toward democracy promotion. Each actor is shaped by the destabilizing effects of war, resulting in unintended consequences. Drawing on extensive original data collected through years of fieldwork in Côte d'Ivoire, encompassing interviews, participant observation, focus groups, surveys, experiments, and lab-in-the-field games, No Neutral Ground reassesses the theory and practice of post-conflict democratization and offers insights into whether and how wartime legacies might be overcome to achieve democracy.
Nietzsche's critique of pity is, by his own account, the initiating move in his broad-scale critique of morality. Despite this, it has received limited scholarly attention. This Element develops and defends a detailed account of three different kinds of argument that Nietzsche makes against pity, which build progressively to form a unified critique. First, there is a psychological investigation, in which Nietzsche reveals pity's dark subconscious motives. Second, Nietzsche addresses pity in its interpersonal dimensions, arguing that it constitutes a disrespectful form of relation to another person. Finally, Nietzsche argues that pity will lead to nihilism. Nietzsche's critique is genuinely radical, demanding that we question and abandon many moral convictions we hold dear. But it is also revealed to be deeply compelling: Nietzsche objects to pity for reasons that we should take extremely seriously.
Political consumerism is an important form of political participation in which citizens use market choices – boycotting and buycotting – to express political concerns and influence global economic and political institutions. Adopting a comparative perspective, the Element integrates evidence from a meta-analysis (109 studies and 1,300 tests), global survey data (66 countries and 97,000 respondents), and original cross-national research (5 countries and 7,500 respondents). Using each data source, the authors examine the roles of resources (education, income, and information/news), engagement (political interest, ideology, and environmental concern), and mobilization (online group ties and offline organization membership) in political consumerism and how these factors vary across countries in explaining political consumerism. The authors find that organizational membership, group ties on social media, political interest, and political ideology are consistent covariates of boycotting and buycotting, whereas education, information/news, and environmental concern depend on the country, political context, campaign, and activity (boycotting or buycotting).
Violent crime has long been a national concern for policymakers, criminal justice officials, and the American public. Violent crime increased during the 1960s through the early 1990s, and the United States particularly suffered from high levels of gun-related violent crime. The country experienced a welcome decline in violent crime for approximately three decades. Although the trends in violent crime, homicides, gun homicides, and nonfatal firearms incidents, are encouraging, violent crime remains a significant public policy challenge, and overall trends can mask some of the devastating consequences of violent crime, homicide, and gun violence. Indeed, one of the themes of this Element is that we need to learn lessons from this post-1990s period so that we can continue to reduce levels of homicide, firearms violence, and violent crime, particularly in those cities, neighborhoods, and street blocks, as well as demographic groups that continue to experience high levels of violent crime.
This Element explores end-of-life decision-making through a secular and spiritual lens of the human person to examine what difference God makes in these decisions. Both the spiritual and the secular perspectives reveal different goods involved in the decisions people make at the end of life: the goods of autonomy, independence, and freedom compared with the goods of relationality, dependence, and sanctity of life. With the advancements in medical technology, it is possible to keep people alive significantly longer than has ever been possible. But a longer life is not necessarily a good life, nor does it portend a good death. Thus, this Element considers the medicalization of death, the growth of hospice and palliative care, the possibility of physician-assisted suicide, and the impact that belief in God, the sanctity of life, and the nature of the human person has in these different facets of end-of-life decisions.
When, why, and how did we, humans, develop our distinctive and paradoxical inclinations for both war and peace? This groundbreaking book investigates that central question by drawing on cutting-edge research and an unprecedented range of evidence from thirteen disciplines: biology, primatology, comparative ethology, behavioural ecology, anthropology, archaeology, criminology, social psychology, linguistics, demography, genetics, neuroscience, and climatology. The book shows how the capacities for both war and peace co-evolved gradually over millions of years through a mosaic-like pattern, with distinct but interacting components emerging at different moments and becoming integrated over evolutionary time. This deep-rooted trajectory has been shaped by feedback loops among biological, cultural, and environmental forces. With its expansive temporal horizon, cross-species comparisons, and empirical richness, this book offers a sweeping new account – and an indispensable resource – for anyone interested in the origins of the Janus-faced inclination for both war and peace in the human species.
This element offers a fresh and distinctive viewpoint on the historical-archaeology of monarchic Israel during the Iron Age (ca. 1000–720 BCE). It provides an easy-to-read archaeological overview of main finds from key sites in the northern parts of the southern Levant, which opens the door to beginners as well as to experts into the world of biblical archaeology. It further discusses methodological questions pertaining to the identification of political entities in the archaeological record, and the ways in which material remains and textual sources interact. This book does not presuppose Israel as a well-defined and long-lasting political entity but aims to uncover its underlying social and political hierarchies and interactions, thus portraying a more nuanced image of monarchic Israel: the communities from which it consisted, the socio-political infrastructure that facilitated its emergence and maintenance, and the ways in which political hegemony was exercised within it.