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Early Confucian philosophical texts offer a view on which a person's knowing to φ is a distinct kind of knowledge irreducible to more familiar kinds, such as knowledge-that, knowledge-how, or knowledge-by-acquaintance. Unlike knowledge-that, knowing-to is non-propositional, and unlike knowledge-how and knowledge-by-acquaintance, knowing-to is present only if the agent is performing a corresponding intelligent action. The author motivates such an early Confucian account of knowledge-to by arguing that it offers the people an attractive conceptual alternative to standard ways of thinking about the relation between knowledge and intelligent action.
Natural law theory is a major contemporary school of philosophy of law. This Element provides a critical overview of recent lines of thought in this tradition. Section 1 considers the defining claims of natural law jurisprudence, including strong and weak natural law views. Sections 2 to 5 examine four contemporary lines of natural law argument: functional arguments, the argument from context, the argument from injustice and the central case method. Functional arguments remain the oldest and best route to the natural law thesis. The argument from context also has promise, whereas the argument from injustice and the central case method fail to yield robust natural law conclusions. Section 6 reflects on the future of natural law jurisprudence. It explores a possible reframing of natural law theories, away from the prevailing emphasis on legal validity or defectiveness, and towards an understanding of law as a natural phenomenon.
This ambitious history of industrial and cultural revolution illuminates the formation of a new idiom of energy and economy in nineteenth-century America. In 1851, Ralph Waldo Emerson made an arduous journey to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. There, in a series of lectures, he articulated modern ideas of industrial power, the soul's economy, and a value system premised on a new set of prime movers, fossil fuels. Emerson asked a practical question: 'How shall I live?' His response was to create a mythic language centered on the energy-and-economy dialectic. This book vividly shows how other authors, from Catharine Beecher, who laid the groundwork for the environmental canon, and W. E. B. Du Bois, who poeticized labor, to Henry Adams and Edith Wharton, as well as conservationists, homemakers, and coal miners, built on Emerson's 'practical question' to give fresh purpose to human existence in a radically altered world.
Penguin Books' extensive and affordable non-fiction list brought psychological ideas to a mass-market British readership. Even modestly successful titles sold thousands of copies per annum, while best sellers could sell hundreds of thousands over their lifetime. Covering a period from the mid-1940s to around 1980, Penguins on the Couch shows how psychological ideas were filtered and shaped by the inner life of Penguin Books as a commercial publisher with a commitment to professionalism, public education, and progressive politics. Penguin supplied and built a market for psychological knowledge in an era when these ideas were increasingly important – in clinical settings, in childcare and education, in progressive politics, and in the need to make sense of one's life as an autonomous individual.
Recent observations of the afterglow of the Big Bang, commonly referred to as the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation, have greatly advanced our understanding of the early Universe and have helped reinforce the observational foundations of modern cosmology. This volume provides a comprehensive pedagogical overview of all aspects of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation. Topics covered include theory, current observations, instrumentation, statistical analyses and the astrophysics of Galactic and other microwave foregrounds. These latter topics are important as much of the contemporary work in cosmology focuses on perfecting experimental techniques and on mitigating and assessing sources of error. Bringing together the latest research and scientific developments from the primary literature into one book, this is a go-to resource for graduate students and researchers working in cosmology and astrophysics.
Legal professionals in the United States increasingly have relied on dictionaries, both current and historical, in court cases. This practice is complicated because originalist jurists are often not well-versed in lexicographical principles that would provide a fuller view of historical reasoning. This Element first contextualizes several issues in early English dictionaries and eighteenth-century language that illustrate how using dictionaries from the founding era in questions of law can be problematic: The Element provides examples of words changing over time, explains methodology of devising and borrowing in definitions, details who the readers of such dictionaries were, and more. The Element then excerpts John Mikhail's essential article written in response to CREW et al. v. Trump to show how lexicographical methods and linguistic textual evidence can be better used in legal cases and analysis by triangulating meaning and identifying a prototypical definition.
Religion and politics ought not mix, we are often told. But they have always done so, and sometimes with great success, notably in the development of welfare states in the early 20th century, when Christian churches and theologians were constructively, if sometimes critically, in supportive of such initiatives. Today, however, economic and demographic pressures have conspired to place the state under immense pressure, with calls to 'rethink' the welfare state becoming more common. Rethinking, however, demands that we ask some big questions: What is welfare for? What kind of good are we trying to achieve? What kind of being is it whose good we are trying to serve? In this study, Nick Spencer steers the welfare debate away from technocratic concerns. Drawing on the work of four major, twentieth-century theologians, he offers a fresh, concrete, and realistic vision for the vision of welfare at a time when it is badly needed.
Bringing together new and accessible translations of texts from Plutarch's Lives and the Moralia, this volume demonstrates Plutarch's enduring importance in the history of political thought. The texts selected include the essays 'Beasts are Rational' and 'How to Profit from Enemies', which were taken up by key theorists including Hobbes and Rousseau, alongside full translations of lesser-known works including 'Life of Phocion', 'On Women's Courage' and 'Advice on the Conduct of Politics' which inspired numerous political actors and writers throughout Europe. With an introductory essay, explanatory notes on the translation and bibliography, the volume offers fresh insights for readers seeking an understanding of Plutarch's work and its continued influence and relevance for politics.
This book explores how language shapes our engagement with fiction, from understanding characters to discussing stories. It delves into the unique ways we communicate about fictional worlds, showing how fiction-related talk is used in a variety of situations. Andreas Stokke explores the semantics and pragmatics of fiction-related language, focusing on how we use language to create and discuss fictional stories and characters. He argues that the linguistic tools used for fiction are the same as those for reality, yet fictional communication is distinct as it is unconstrained by real-world reference and allows for saying things without incurring factual commitments. He also shows how fictional names retain their meaning across many ways of using them. He then analyses the various ways in which we talk about fiction, including metafictional, interfictional, and counterfictional discourse.
Does democracy matter for urban protest? Africa is the fastest urbanizing region in the world, with more citizens every day requiring access to goods like housing, energy, food, and transportation. At the same time, citizens across the continent have also indicated declining satisfaction with democracy. Thus, many citizens have turned to strategies like protest to meet their basic needs. Yet for urban communities fighting for access to these goods, does democracy still make a difference? Drawing on a decades-long comparison of urban protest in Cairo, Lagos, and Johannesburg, We Have the Rights challenges the conventional wisdom of the social movement literature, by showing that even when democratization has not altered the prevailing forms of protest, it can significantly improve protest outcomes. These findings suggest that democracy can empower urban communities, not by enclosing citizen participation, but by expanding the avenues and boundaries of institutional engagement.
Family law is a dynamic area of legal regulation that touches on every aspect of human association. This comprehensive, contemporary textbook offers a detailed account of the relevant statutory provisions and case law principles, coupled with a thought-provoking critique of the key debates, controversies and complexities of modern family law. Chapter summaries and introductions, detailed footnotes, and further reading sections make the subject accessible to students and deepen their understanding. The critical approach of each chapter allows students not only to comprehend, but also to question and challenge, the existing legal framework. With its clear and logical structure, wide-ranging coverage, and insights into both the theory and the practice of family law, this is the ideal textbook for all students of the subject.
Michelangelo's Gifts tells the story of the artist's most intimate relationships and his deepest political commitments in the last decades of his life. The first study in over forty years of his relationship with his beloved, Tommaso de' Cavalieri, and the first in English, it is also the first comprehensive investigation of Michelangelo's gift-giving practices. Maria Ruvoldt here examines the evolution of Michelangelo's gift-giving strategies and their meanings from 1532, when Michelangelo's introduction to Cavalieri initiated his most extensive cycle of gifts of drawings and poetry, to the artist's death in 1564, which was preceded by a series of politically motivated gifts, including large-scale sculptures. Ruvoldt argues that Michelangelo's gift-giving was a response to the forces that shaped his career. She demonstrates that we can locate the origins of contemporary ideas about artistic autonomy, celebrity, and what constitutes an authentic work of art through the history of the creation and reception of Michelangelo's gifts.
How has it happened that the term kânûn has been adopted by different political and legal regimes – Muslim empires, Muslim monarchies, colonial states, secular and Islamic republics – to refer to their respective 'state laws'? This study explores the lengthy and complex history of kânûn from the fifteenth through the eighteenth centuries. The transformations of the concept enabled its broad circulation and malleable applications in significantly different political and legal contexts across time. Guy Burak examines how the Ottoman dynasty and its administrative, intellectual, and judicial elites experimented with the concept of kânûn, alongside Ottoman subjects and foreigners. Written in accessible language, the study covers a wide range of material from Turkish, Arabic, and Persian sources. By focusing on specific moments along the genealogy of kânûn, Burak draws attention to aspects of this concept that have shaped its post-Ottoman history. This is a Flip it Open title and may be available open access on Cambridge Core.
This Element explores the intersection of language and culture in undergraduate admissions interviews. Such encounters are commonly understood through their outcomes, typically via perceptions of interviewer bias and/or candidates' levels of self-confidence. This study challenges such a reductive understanding of admissions interviews by positing them instead as communicative events with interactional requirements that can be empirically determined. Based on a corpus of 60 interviews provided by the University of Cambridge, the study draws on the tools of interactional sociolinguistics to reveal how interviews are shaped by multiple layers of cultural norms, and role relationships, that successful candidates are best able to navigate. In so doing, it suggests that admissions interviews are not 'interviews' per se, but rather 'tutorial auditions' in which candidates must quickly demonstrate both their academic competences and their ability to learn and to be taught. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.