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This Companion explores the relationship between American literature and the Cold War. It shows how American writers offered critical depictions of social conformism amid the Cold War drive for consensus and McCarthyite persecution during the Eisenhower years. From the formal experiments of Beat and Black Mountain writers and the countercultural politics of the New Left to the postmodernism of the Reagan era, literature oscillated between tropes of 'freedom,' aligned with the Western geopolitical imagination, and 'constraint,' associated with supposedly totalitarian communist regimes. Writers also confronted the threats of nuclear annihilation, environmental crisis, and US imperial overreach. Influenced by the Civil Rights movement, marginalized communities developed literary practices that articulated resistance and demands for liberation, often in solidarity with global anti-colonial struggles. Work associated with second-wave feminism, the Black Arts Movement, American Indian and Chicano/a renaissances, and gay and lesbian movements challenged both the ideological certainties and representational conventions of the liberal status quo.
This book explores Russia's 100-year history of institutional experiments with legal forms, incentives, and organizational structures in search of an optimal system of knowledge production and diffusion. How was the Soviet Union able to industrialize in the absence of intellectual property, while Russia fails to re-industrialize despite adopting strong intellectual property rights that are presumed to be better suited to promoting innovation? What happened to Russia after it introduced the globalized rules of intellectual property? Informed by interviews with key players in the Russian innovation system and case studies in biopharmaceutical and information technology industries, the book exposes the informal side of the institution of intellectual property in Russia. The study reveals that the Russian case is not simply a story of institutional decline; it is also a story of how a new informal system is evolving in which new networks are steering Russia's approach to innovation.
Physiognomics is the theory according to which there is a relationship between certain signs on the body and certain characteristics of the soul, and furthermore that it is possible to exploit this relationship to transition from what is visible to what is invisible: to read the body in order to gain access to the soul. This Cambridge Element showcases the philosophical relevance of physiognomics during the Renaissance, combining in-depth analysis of physiognomics' subtle, and sometimes lesser-known theoretical details, with awareness of the role of physiognomics in the main philosophical debates of the time, including on the human-animal border and on the difference between men and women. This Element presents the Renaissance revival of physiognomics as a scientific endeavour that required philosophers to organise medical, anatomical, physiological, and astrological knowledge, under the aegis of an ethical programme for the improvement of oneself and society.
Linguistic imitation is not mere repetition, but is instead a foundational mechanism of language use. It underpins the engagement and categorisation of meaning as a conceptual pact among speakers. This book redefines imitation as the creative engine of human communication, showing how language evolves through our engagement with what others say. It discusses dialogic resonance – the reuse and reshaping of communicative constructions – as a unifying framework that bridges pragmatics and construction grammar. Combining evidence from first and second language acquisition, intercultural communication and neurodiverse interaction, the book highlights the crucial role of imitation in shaping social conformity, engagement, categorisation and innovation. It combines detailed qualitative case studies with innovative corpus-based and statistical analyses to provide new theoretical insights and methodological tools. It is essential reading for scholars and students of linguistics, psychology, education and sociology, and for anyone interested in how language emerges from the creative interplay of human voices.
Enslaved New World illuminates sixteenth-century Santo Domingo as the site of the Americas' earliest plantation and slave society and the first place where slavery became limited to people of African descent. Yet Santo Domingo was also home, Turits shows, to widespread continual flight from bondage and an ecology providing escapees with relatively easy refuge. This transformed the colony into a land in which predominantly self-emancipated Black people became the largest population group by the late seventeenth century, 150 years before slavery's abolition. Afterwards, slavery and legal racial hierarchy persisted, but the White elite often remained too poor and weak to overcome resistance and competing constructs of status and color emerged. By focusing on Santo Domingo's understudied African-descended majority population within novel frameworks, Turits opens up new understandings of Dominican history, slavery's racialization, race and racism's historical contingency, and an extraordinarily successful Afro-American trajectory of resistance.
How do we describe the collective identity of people who make a popular revolution? Notwithstanding marked differences, most accounts understand revolutionary collectives as partisan and relegate spectators to irrelevance-or, worse, to the ignominy of cowards and traitors. Revisiting histories of the 1979 revolution in Iran, Arash Davari explores how millions of people defied expectations and joined popular assemblies to demand the fall of the Pahlavi regime. Through the lens of recent global social movements, Insurgent Witness presents an archetype of collective identity as partisan and spectator at once. Combining novel findings with a fresh methodological approach to previously considered collections, this book presents a distinct concept of revolutionary subjectivity-one that describes the terms of mass revolt in Iran and at the same time challenges prevailing assumptions about social change and popular sovereignty in contemporary political thought.
Pluralism in economics is the view that modern approaches to studying economic phenomena are too restrictive. It is an important issue within the development of the discipline as many approaches that were once deemed to be outside the mainstream have now become part of the consensus, e.g. game theory, behavioural economics, and information economics. Pluralism and Complexity explores the philosophical background to pluralism and shows how this can be applied to modern economics. It examines key moments like the Keynesian Revolution and the New Classical counter-revolution to show how different 'epistemic visions' arise from fundamentally different ways of handling and simplifying complexity. Examining the history of aggregate economic analysis, this book argues that the propagation of a dogmatic view of science by political and self-interested elites creates a severe deficit of pluralism in macroeconomic research and offers suggestions for reversing this dangerous trend in economics and beyond.
We are living through an era of unprecedented data-driven regulatory transformation. AI and algorithmic governance are rapidly altering how global problems are known and governed, and reconfiguring how people, places, and things are drawn into legal relation across diverse areas - from labour, media and communications, and global mobilities to environmental governance, security, and war. These changes are fostering new forms of power, inequality, and violence, and posing urgent conceptual and methodological challenges for law and technology research. Global Governance by Data: Infrastructures of Algorithmic Rule brings together leading interdisciplinary scholars working at the forefront of creative thinking and research practice in this area. The book offers fresh takes on the prospects for working collectively to critique and renew those legal and technological infrastructures that order, divide, empower and immiserate across our data-driven world. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
With university student populations becoming ever more diverse across the globe, it has become increasingly difficult for educators to presume that all students possess the necessary knowledge and skills in academic literacy to succeed in their academic studies. This timely book presents the argument for embedding academic literacies in higher education degree curricula. It supports an inclusive approach to student academic language development, where all students stand to benefit from instruction in the literacy practices specific to their disciplines. The book is split into two parts, with the first providing a number of thought-provoking perspectives on different aspects and interpretations of embedding. The second part provides a set of case studies that serve both to highlight how various theoretical frameworks inform different approaches to embedding, and to illustrate the real-word affordances and constraints at play that act as determinants of the shape, extent and success of embedding initiatives.
Why are Latin Americans increasingly disillusioned with democracy, even as the region has made social progress? This book examines the paradox of widespread political discontent amid improvements in poverty reduction, education, and expanded rights. It shows how rising expectations and broken promises have generated social frustration and political reactions, which take two different forms: they can target all political elites (vertical discontent) or focus on opposing political coalitions (horizontal discontent). Each form poses unique challenges for democracy. Bringing together leading scholars in sociology and political science from Latin America and the United States, the volume offers a multidisciplinary and comparative perspective on the drivers of democratic erosion. Drawing on empirical case studies and a shared analytical framework, the book sheds light on the tensions between democratic aspirations and lived experiences, making it a valuable resource for understanding the forces reshaping Latin America's political landscape and the broader erosion of democracy.
This book offers a comprehensive introduction to nearly invariant subspaces, a subject of active contemporary research within functional analysis. Written for graduate students in mathematical analysis and suitable as a reference for experienced researchers, the book surveys the historical development of nearly invariant subspaces from their origins in the study of kernels of Toeplitz operators and invariant subspaces of shift operators. It presents recent advances, including applications to the invariant subspace problem, to truncated Toeplitz operators, and to strongly continuous semigroups of operators. Although mostly concerned with operators on Hardy spaces, the book includes a discussion of the subject in the context of Bergman and Dirichlet spaces too. The book begins with a chapter recalling basic results in analysis and function theory, and each chapter contains a selection of accessible exercises to supplement the text.
Belief, tradition and custom all shape and preserve the social order. It was through tradition that communities in rural and small-town England enforced social norms in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, until the reform of manners suppressed this autonomous working class lore. Folklore governed relations between parent and child, husband and wife, and master and man, legitimising rewards for right actions and punishment for wrong ones. It gave people a language and ceremony to celebrate who they were and how they bonded with others in their parish and trade. The traditional moral code of loyalty and generosity softened friction between those who held power and resources and those who depended on them: even riot and unrest aimed not at a new order but at ritual return to the past. Close reading of popular custom and oral literature reveals the underlying pattern of values and obligations which upheld pre-capitalist society.
Artificial intelligence-mediated informal digital learning of English (AI-IDLE) is a rapidly emerging subfield of computer-assisted language learning that focuses on autonomous, self-directed second language (L2) English development through AI tools beyond the classroom. Extending the established research agenda on informal digital learning of English (IDLE), AI-IDLE responds to a changing context in which AI technologies and digital platforms with embedded AI functionalities are reshaping the ecology of informal language learning. This Element provides the first comprehensive synthesis of AI-IDLE research and practice, grounded in an integration of proactive language learning theory and cultural-historical activity theory. It examines key antecedents and outcomes of AI-IDLE and, through original case studies, illustrates how learners negotiate resources and navigate diverse sociotechnical environments to engage in AI-IDLE. The Element concludes by outlining pedagogical strategies for supporting AI-IDLE and identifying future research directions for advancing this nascent field.
Recent years have witnessed rapid and ongoing growth of technologies that combine neuroscience with artificial intelligence to gather information about human brain activity, modify brain functions, and connect individuals' brains to computers and other brains. While these technologies are said to promise great benefits, they also raise serious concerns, including: their impact on identity and moral agency; mental privacy; the ethics of enhancement; and the potential for bias and discrimination. This Element explores these ethical concerns from a Protestant theological perspective, framed by the question: How can Christians promote the common good in relation to neurotechnologies?
Why is abstract mathematics applicable within science? Jeffrey Ketland describes the metatheory of the application of mathematics in science and highlights the 'entanglement' of physical systems with mathematical objects and structures. Applied Mathematics inferences are regimented into 'canonical form', involving an ambient foundational base theory and the specific physical premises and conclusions. These latter are formulated using concepts called 'entanglers', which relate physical objects and systems to mathematical objects. The simplest example is the membership predicate, 'x is an element of y', and other examples are coordinate functions, quantity functions (such as mass, length, or temporal duration), and fields (on space or spacetime). Mathematical terms denoting these, as well as impure sets, relations, and structures, are called 'entanglement constants'. Ketland shows that such inferences satisfy a form of topic neutrality called Hilbert's Beermug Principle, and all such inferences can be seen to be instantiations of general mathematical theorems with such constants.
Case characterizes distribution of nominals within a sentence (abstract Case), which can be reflected in morphological marking on nominals (morphological case). A related phenomenon of agreement characterizes a structural relation between a nominal and a functional category, which is morphologically manifested on the functional category. This Element examines how Case/case and agreement phenomena are derived, focusing on the syntactic operations involved. The Element discusses the types of morphological case, as well as the concept of abstract Case, starting with the seminal works of Vergnaud and Chomsky, followed by the theories of unification of Case/case and agreement, specifically the Spec-Head configuration and the operation Agree. Demonstrating empirical shortcomings of such unification, alternative approaches are considered (Dependent Case Theory and morphological approaches to agreement), illustrating their empirical and conceptual challenges. Ultimately, the Element sketches a theory of Case/case and agreement using independently motivated concepts of copy interpretation and labeling.
Cultural Lenses and Shared Horizons (CLASH), a theory for intercultural health communication, addresses limitations of existing approaches by conceptualizing communication as a contextually situated and locally managed activity. By examining intercultural tensions in health contexts, the Element shows how meaning, ethics, and decision-making are constituted through communicative practices across legal, policy, community, and interpersonal levels. CLASH presents four frameworks-Magic Consciousness, Mythic Connection, Perspectival Thinking, and Integral Fusion—to explain and predict how different forms of cultural consciousness shape experiences of reality and the evaluation of communicative practices within and across specific communities. Emphasizing the dynamic and emergent nature of social interactions, CLASH provides an analytical framework to examine how participants recognize, negotiate, and reconcile divergent cultural frameworks. By conceptualizing culture as an ongoing process embedded in social contexts, CLASH offers a regenerative paradigm for analyzing intercultural health communication. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Revolution by Stealth: How Women's Groups Catalyzed a Cultural Transformation in Bihar tells the story of how Jeevika, a large-scale livelihoods project, sparked far-reaching change in one of India's poorest and most patriarchal states. Based on four years of qualitative fieldwork embedded within a randomized trial, the Element traces how federated self-help groups enabled marginalized women to access credit, build collective capacity, and reshape gender norms. Through shared rituals, new roles, and solidarity networks, women moved from domestic isolation to public voice, challenging caste and patriarchal hierarchies. Conceptualizing Jeevika as an “induced social movement,” the authors show how state-supported programs rooted in local traditions can generate durable empowerment. Empirically rich and theoretically grounded, the Element offers an interdisciplinary synthesis across development economics, sociology, and feminist theory, advancing debates on agency, norm change, and participatory development. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
In the crucible of New World encounters - discursive, ideological, and experiential – there developed multiple forms of English nationhood. Elizabeth Sauer showcases the value of a literary critical and cultural account thereof, uncovering, historicizing, and reviewing a rich array of contributions by British, English, and Anglo-American poets, preachers, polemicists, and printers. The casebook studies and alternative canon that make up her study reveal just how vital the transatlantic context and the traffic in books were for the development of the nascent English nation. Among the authors examined are Edmund Spenser, Richard Hakluyt, Francis Bacon, John Winthrop, John Eliot, Roger Williams, Anne Bradstreet, John Milton, John Bunyan, George Fox, William Penn, and Daniel Defoe. Over a century's worth of literary and cultural evidence confirms that research into the early modern wave of nation formation, with its ideological coordinates and cultural mythmaking, enriches understanding of England's protean identity.