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The western tradition of coinage began in Asia Minor around 650 BCE and from there the idea spread quite rapidly to other parts of the Mediterranean. This book describes and evaluates developments in coinage down to the middle of the fifth century. Early coinage was not monolithic. The new medium of exchange proved attractive to a variety of rulers and societies – kings, dynasts, tribes, city–states with varying forms of governance. The physical characteristics of the coins produced were another source of difference. Initially there was no fixed idea of what a coin should look like, and there were several experiments before a consensus emerged around a small, circular metal object with a design, or type, on both sides. This book provides students with an authoritative introduction, with all technical terms and methodologies explained, as well as illustrations of over 200 important coins with detailed captions.
Joseph Whitaker is best remembered today as the originator of Whitaker's Almanack, but he was also one of the most important publishers of the nineteenth century. As editor of The Bookseller, he had a panoramic view of the book trade and studied the commercial and structural forces that shaped its activities. His journal helped readers seize the opportunities and manage the risks of the increasingly competitive business culture and tried to foster a sense of pride within the community by encouraging booksellers and publishers to work together for their collective benefit. The publication of The Reference Catalogue of Current Literature in 1874, the most comprehensive collection of books in print and available for sale, was an indispensable guide for booksellers and, together with The Bookseller, created an indispensable communication and information service that remains at the heart of the book trade today.
How does the state deliver justice to citizens? Are certain groups disadvantaged whilst seeking help from law enforcement and the courts? This book charts, for the first time, the full trajectory of accessing justice in India's criminal justice system, highlighting a pattern of multi-stage discrimination and unequal outcomes for women seeking restitution from the state. To probe how discrimination can be combated, the book tests whether gender representation in law enforcement-in the form of all-female enclaves or women-only police stations-affects change. The book demonstrates how certain forms of representation can lead to unintended consequences. By utilizing a range of research designs, the book not only casts a light on justice delivery in the world's largest democracy, but also transports readers into the world of crime and punishment in India.
In the wake of Iran's revolution in 1978–79, a fundamentalist Islamic theocracy took control of the country. These dramatic changes impacted all sectors of society including a vast array of diverse peoples and cultures. In this book, Lois Beck provides an anthropological and historical account of Iran's many minorities. She focuses on the aftermath of the revolution, declaration of an Islamic republic, and Iraq-Iran war. Drawing on six decades of anthropological research, Beck provides frameworks for understanding how each of Iran's linguistic, religious, ethnic, ethno-national, and tribal minorities fashioned unique identities. These identities stem from factors relating to history, location, socioeconomic patterns, and sociocultural traits. They reflect the people's interactions with Iran's rulers and governments as they changed over time. A modern nation-state cannot be fully understood without knowing the extent of its reach in the peripheries and border regions and among its diverse peoples. This landmark study challenges existing scholarly accounts by offering broad and detailed perspectives on Iran's many distinct languages, religions, ethnicities, ethno-nations, and tribes.
This book explains how and why major developing countries like Brazil, China, and India globalized state-led development by creating homegrown multinational corporations. It explores how this strategy allows national firms to access new sources of profits, knowledge, and technology by producing and innovating across the globe. Drawing on an in-depth study of Brazil, alongside comparative analyses of China and India, the book demonstrates how development banks enable governments to influence business strategies and navigate political contestation. Moving beyond accounts that portray globalization and democracy as constraints on industrial policy, the book shows that late developers have changed the strategies for, but not renounced the ambition of, the structural transformation of their economies. This title is part of the Flip it Open Programme and may also be available Open Access. Check our website Cambridge Core for details.
Becoming Agarwal shows how a close-knit elite mercantile caste is reproduced as a privileged urban player in 'new' Hindu India. At this historical juncture, the baniya community is at the helm of not only economic but also political power. Drawing on in-depth interviews with ninety-one interlocutors, analysis of the oldest Hindi newsletter produced in Delhi over two decades, and ethnographic observations made over four years, the book shows the gendered and generational roles undertaken by women and men in self-making in neoliberal India. Elite men through their activities in the caste associations and philanthropy produce a moral and empowering narrative of belonging across class, while older women as mothers and mothers-in-law play regulatory roles within families to co-opt and refashion the desires of a younger generation of women. These desires have the potential to disrupt the reproduction of the caste group, an yet, are craftily absorbed.
This book is an attempt at highlighting the intellectual and cultural history of British imperial knowledge production in late-nineteenth-century India, examined through the life and writings of William Wilson Hunter (1840–1900). Tracing Hunter's role as an imperial bureaucrat, historian, and publicist, the book explores how his works sought to shape colonial governance through structured information systems and a rhetoric of 'improvement'; an intellectual enterprise that drew the interests of contemporary stalwarts across the continents, such as Rabindranath Tagore and Charles Darwin. It also examines how Bengali intellectuals, such as Rabindranath Tagore, Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay and others engaged with and contested Hunter's ideas, opening up new directions in nationalist thought and historiography. It strives to offer a new outlook on the mutual entanglements of empire and knowledge, and the political life of texts in colonial Bengal.
Thomas Aquinas regularly claims that metaphysics is not merely scientific, but the highest and most certain of all the sciences, and his conception of metaphysics is one of the boldest and most epistemically ambitious in the history of philosophy. This book presents a new account of Aquinas's metaphysics, approached from the perspective of his theory of science and knowledge. It offers a novel interpretation of his understanding of the properties of being, the principles of being, the requirements for demonstrative knowledge, and shows how Aquinas's account of metaphysics was able to meet those requirements in a more coherent and compelling way than any thinker who had come before him. It will be of interest to scholars of medieval philosophy, the Aristotelian tradition, metaphysics, epistemology, and philosophical methodology.
This volume provides the most expansive interrogation to date of the field of war and society, offering a magisterial overview of the American experience of war from the colonial era to the War on Terror. It brings together leading scholars to examine how societies go to war, experience it, and invest it with meaning. Those ideas unfold across three thematic sections entitled 'War Times,' 'War Societies,' and 'War Meanings.' The essays scrutinize the symbiotic relationship between warfare and the armed forces on one side, and broader trends in political, social, cultural, and economic life on the other. They consider the radiating impact of war on individuals, communities, culture, and politics – and conversely, the projection of social patterns onto the military and wartime life. Across three sections, thirty chapters, and a roundtable discussion, the volume illuminates the questions, methodologies, and sources that exemplify war and society scholarship at its very best.
Japan and ancient Greece. Placed side by side, these two concepts give the impression of something very strange, a sort of chimera - half Apollo, half samurai; half Venus, half geisha - set on a ground that is at once white and blue like the Cyclades, dark green and vermillion like Shintō shrines. How could two countries so distant from each other be joined together to form a coherent image, to give birth to a meaningful concept? In this groundbreaking study - translated into English for the first time - Michael Lucken analyses the manifold ways in which Japan has adopted and engaged with ancient Greece in the period from the Meiji restoration to the present. This invaluable and timely volume not only demonstrates that the influence of ancient Greece has permeated all aspects of Japanese public and cultural life, but ultimately illustrates that the reception of Classics is a global phenomenon.
Exactly a decade after the publication of the Sz.-Nagy dilation theorem, Tsuyoshi Ando proved that, just like for a single contractive operator, every commuting pair of Hilbert-space contractions can be lifted to a commuting isometric pair. Although the inspiration for Ando's proof comes from the elegant construction of Schäffer for the single-variable case, his proof did not shed much light on the explicit nature of the dilation operators and the dilation space as did the original Schäffer and Douglas constructions for a single contraction. Consequently, there has been little follow-up in the direction of a more systematic extension of the Sz.-Nagy–Foias dilation and model theory to the bivariate setting. Sixty years since the appearance of Ando's first step comes this thorough systematic treatment of a dilation and model theory for pairs of commuting contractions.
Appropriation, 'making something one's own', is a modern way of thinking about social practices. This volume highlights the potential of this critical concept for the investigation of everyday religious practice – and more generally, everyday social practice – in Antiquity. Appropriation foregrounds the agency of the social actors against the strictures imposed by the dominant culture's social order, whose ideas and practices they make their own, altering them in multiple, often subtle ways. How does appropriation transform pre-existing, traditional practices? What are the dominant structures against which the actors operate? Which tactics do they use? These are only some of the questions this volume seeks to address. The critical term 'appropriation' has yet to be fully discovered by classicists; the case studies in this volume, ranging from classical Greece to Late Antique Egypt, endeavour to demonstrate its pertinence to the study of religion in Antiquity.
Technological change and innovation have long fueled economic growth and employment. Yet, in recent decades, productivity gains have increasingly failed to translate into more jobs and higher wages. Jobless Growth and the New Great Transformation investigates this apparent paradox, by examining the theoretical and empirical evidence about the relationship between innovation and structural change. It combines rigorous and cutting-edge data analysis with EU case studies to reveal how recent technological breakthroughs, far from driving shared prosperity, have slowed growth, widened spatial divides and fueled societal polarization, partly due to excessive confidence in market deregulation. Drawing on data-driven analyses, the book explains why impacts of innovation vary so widely between regions and how history, institutions, and policy-not just market forces-determine who benefits from technological advances and who is left behind.
Who cares for the ageing bodies of those who have long laboured for the wellbeing of others? This Element focusses on ageing migrant domestic workers who have spent decades abroad in Singapore and Hong Kong on precarious temporary contracts, and how they imagine and prepare for their ageing futures. As temporary migration regimes deny domestic workers long-term residence, citizenship, and family reunification rights, domestic workers are required to return to their countries of origin when they reach retirement age. These two impending dislocations – retirement and return migration – generate a range of financial and emotional insecurities among migrant women who have to confront questions around care, home, and livelihoods at this critical juncture in their lives. This juncture further generates new aspirations among domestic workers who seek to make their mid-to-later life years meaningful. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
What is tradition in American constitutional law, and what is its enduring appeal in American culture? In The Constitution of Practice, Marc O. DeGirolami presents and defends his theory of constitutional law, one rooted in our political, legal, and cultural experience. He argues that constitutional traditions are the ways in which we manifest, give concrete form to, and transmit political excellence across time. He explains how traditions also bind us to one another, strengthening the civic affection necessary to a democratic republic. Responding to several criticisms, the author discusses the relationship of constitutional method and American politics, evaluating traditionalism's political adhesion and its prospects in the coming decades. At a time when Americans increasingly do not trust their institutions, DeGirolami explores how a traditionalist approach to the Constitution can begin to repair the disaffection that many now feel for their legal institutions.