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This Element explores workers' song research, a dominant strand of music scholarship in the Eastern Bloc and one of the earliest to engage with musical practices beyond the domains of art music and peasant folklore. It traces the institutionalization of this field, the changing interests of its representatives, and the ways in which, from the 1960s onward, they built regional networks and established dialogue with actors of the Western folk revival. Through these networks and exchanges, the repertoires and key performers of the international folk scene gained visibility behind the Iron Curtain. Yet the 'folk revival' assumed an ambivalent character there, as communist governments and cultural institutions sought to appropriate and elevate it to a central position within the popular music sphere. The study focuses primarily on Hungary, East Germany, and Czechoslovakia, highlighting the role of local scholars in linking different musical traditions and in shaping state-sponsored folk culture.
This Element investigates the emergence and social significance of gendered neologisms – new lexical formations that encode gender within existing expressions, such as 'mansplaining', 'girlboss', or 'manny'. Situated at the intersection of sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, and morphology, the Element explores how such words arise in response to changing social realities and how they participate in contemporary debates about gender, identity, and power. Drawing on corpus-assisted analysis of journalistic and public discourse, the study examines both the structural formation and the evolving meanings of these neologisms. The findings reveal that gender markers such as 'man-' or 'girl-' rarely function as simple descriptors; instead, they carry metaphorical and evaluative meanings rooted in cultural expectations and gender stereotypes.
Anarchism is often assumed to stand outside constitutionalism, yet it forms a significant, if overlooked, tradition of constitutional thought. Addressing global constitutional crises and the impasses of state-centred politics, this book brings anarchism into productive dialogue with constitutional, political and international theory. At its core is a reconstruction of anarchist social theory grounded in an ontology of anarchy shaped by European social science and republican concerns with dividing and balancing power. These ideas were reinterpreted by major anarchist thinkers - from Proudhon to Lucy Parsons, and from Tolstoy to Kōtoku Shūsui - who advanced decentralised, federalist alternatives to imperial and hierarchical orders. Combining intellectual history with co-produced research alongside anarchist groups, Constitutionalising Anarchy shows how constitutional practices developed within militant labour unions, protest movements and cooperatives across the twentieth century. It reconsiders anarchy, constitutionalism and the possibilities of political organisation. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
As the People's Republic of China (PRC) has become an increasingly significant global power, understanding its international behaviour has become a central question for scholars, analysts, and policymakers worldwide. This growing attention has not, however, resulted in anything resembling a consensus. Out of this profusion of competing perspectives, the authors identify four distinct ideal-typical approaches employed to explain the PRC's international behaviour: universalist, exceptionalist, political-institutionalist, and particularist. At their core, the fundamental issues of disagreement between these approaches concern the degree to which they conceptualise the PRC as a unitary and/or distinctive actor. Crucially, these are not fixed attributes; they vary over time and across policy domains. Based on this, they make the case for a contextualised approach that adjusts its analysis to such variation. The authors illustrate their approach by examining PRC behaviour in the South China Sea and in relation to its Belt and Road Initiative. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Censorship is the dark side of historical writing. Because much censorship is shrouded in secrecy, the subject tends to stay outside mainstream histories of historical writing. Consequently, many such histories offer unduly optimistic accounts of historical writing. They assume that historians produced their works in a political vacuum. This view is challenged here through an examination of the post-1945 censorship of history and its entanglement with power and freedom. This Element can be explored in three ways. The main overview discusses the international standards on freedom of expression, the demarcation debates on censorship, and the problems in tracing it; it also reviews censorship's reasons, key players, and effects. Furthermore, a dozen spotlights present significant themes or patterns of censorship. Finally, a glossary locates the concepts related to the censorship of history within the broader network of terms related to the freedom of expression about the past.
The first book in the English language to take a comparative look at the various roles played by all kinds of music and musicians in the fascist regimes of the twentieth century. It provides detailed overviews of musical life in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany and identifies and challenges some of the stereotypes that became ingrained over the latter half of the twentieth century. Alongside comparative studies drawn from the German and Italian examples, the book presents case studies from a variety of regimes and situations. It analyses and compares numerous aspects of fascism (ideology, thought, practice, policy) in their interfaces with music and musicians across the twentieth century. Its broad range of topics expands the reader's horizons beyond a debate on 'music and totalitarianism' currently too often restricted to Stalinism on the one hand and Nazism on the other.
As artificial intelligence chatbots offer increasingly sophisticated emotional support, society faces a profound question: can a machine truly empathize? Empathy and Artificial Intelligence provides the first comprehensive roadmap for this pivotal moment. Moving beyond simple binaries of 'hype' or 'doom,' this interdisciplinary volume unites leading psychologists, philosophers, and engineers to explore the tangled web of synthetic care. Key chapters investigate the 'AI Advantage' – where machines often outperform humans in perceived empathy – alongside the 'AI Penalty,' where discovering the artifice corrodes trust. The text navigates the distinct landscapes of text-based LLMs and embodied robots, addressing urgent ethical dilemmas and exploring whether reliance on AI risks the atrophy of our moral capacities or enables synthetic agents to scaffold stronger human relationships. Essential for researchers, students, and curious observers, this book investigates whether outsourcing our emotional labor saves us time, or costs us our humanity.
For more than seven decades, the European Union has delivered on its founding promise of peace in Western Europe. Yet serious economic and political problems persist, among them widening regional inequality. Europe's Poison Pill exposes the hidden costs of EU Cohesion Policy, showing how initiatives meant to promote convergence instead entrench stagnation, distort incentives, and defer essential reforms. Drawing on historical evidence, contemporary case studies, and economic analysis, Nuno Palma demonstrates that structural and investment funds operate as a modern resource curse, weakening many of the regions they target. The book offers a roadmap for restoring Europe's competitiveness and institutional credibility. By challenging entrenched orthodoxies, it reframes the debate on Europe's future and confronts the costs of preserving a failed model.
How can Christians navigate the kaleidoscopic landscape of devotion to Jesus? In this study, Higton explores what it might mean to worship and follow the Jesus who can wear so many faces and call with so many voices. Higton proposes a high Christology, in which the Word is the image of God's inexhaustible life, the incarnation makes that Word present in flesh that is itself inexhaustible, and the Spirit unfolds this inexhaustible life in a profusion of forms of devotion. Each such form is an improvisation upon Scripture and an experiment in love, and each also fraught with failure. In conversation with Black, womanist, and trans theologies, Higton argues that, for all the problems that beset it, the classical Christological tradition can be a resource for liberative theologies. He also shows that works of doctrinal theology can remain visibly rooted in specific lives and contexts, and oriented towards mercy, justice, and love.
Although natural languages are often taken to be the prototypical case of the use of arbitrary symbols to encode ideas, it is also clear that linguistic communication across all modalities frequently incorporates iconic elements. How exactly symbolic and iconic aspects of language interact is an area of active research on spoken and signed languages and gesture studies across the cognitive sciences, and this Element overviews approaches to modeling their interaction. The case is made that while both symbolic and iconic content are pervasive in language, they contribute meaning in ways more separate than typically assumed: propositional meaning is built entirely from symbolic abstractions and can be the input for compositional structures that involve reasoning over alternatives; in contrast, iconic depictions within a compositional system are understood as particulars. Depiction is also contrasted with other senses of iconicity in language. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Aristotle's account of justice has inspired thinkers as diverse as Thomas Aquinas and Martha Nussbaum. Concepts such as distributive justice, equity, the common good, and the distinction between just and unjust political organizations find articulations in his writings. But although Aristotle's account of justice remains philosophically relevant, its intellectual, social, and political origins in the Mediterranean world of the fourth century BCE have often been overlooked. This book places Aristotle's account of justice in dialogue with his fourth-century intellectual colleagues such as Plato, Xenophon, and Isocrates, and allows it to be understood within the framework of fourth-century institutions as they were experienced by citizens of ancient Greek political communities. It thus provides the modern reader with the framework which Aristotle presupposed for his original work in antiquity, including the intellectual debates which formed its context.
How did the global circulation of modern technologies of warfare transform armed resistance? Focusing on the European territories of the Ottoman Empire, Ramazan Hakkı Öztan explores how revolutionary organizations navigated a world newly rich in material resources by the late nineteenth century. Unlike those who came before them, these revolutionaries operated in an increasingly connected global economy of violence that fed military-grade surplus weapons and newly invented explosives into their hands. Tracing commodity flows, Öztan profiles arms dealers, smugglers, and informers active in this economy of revolution. While revolutionaries tapped into transnational circuits, exchanged technical know-how, and engaged in calculated acts of violence, bureaucrats sought to dismantle black markets, gather counterintelligence, and wage their own campaigns of repression. Situating these connected histories across time and space, this global history explains the transformation of rebellion and imperial coercion by the turn of the twentieth century. This is a Flip it Open title and may be available open access on Cambridge Core.
This book provides a comprehensive introduction to equilibrium and non-equilibrium Green's function methods in many-body physics. It begins with a derivation of second quantisation for relativistic systems based on the many-body relativistic Dirac equation and its non-relativistic limit. The properties of equilibrium Green's functions are then described, with discussion of the two-time and Matsubara function methods. The coverage of non-equilibrium Green's function methods includes the diagrammatic techniques applicable to electrons and phonons using both the perturbation and variational approaches. Specific applications to steady-state and time-dependent quantum transport are presented in the final chapters. The book's accessible explanations, detailed derivations, and systematic treatment of the underlying theory make it a valuable resource for graduate students and early-career researchers. More than 200 problems have been included to support learning, with selected solutions available at the end of each chapter. Instructors benefit from access to the full solutions manual.
The Classic Maya civilization (250–925 CE) in Mesoamerica innovated a hieroglyphic script that was written and read by people spread across hundreds of square kilometers and dozens of autonomous kingdoms over the course of more than a millennium. Yet, unlike other regions of the ancient world where writing was independently invented, the Maya area was never politically unified. In Religion, Writing, and the Shaping of the Classic Maya World, Mallory E. Matsumoto draws on hieroglyphic texts, imagery, and archaeological finds to reconstruct interactions through which the Classic Maya exchanged knowledge about their hieroglyphic script and how to use it. She argues that religion and ritual practice were central contexts for maintaining a coherent, mutually intelligible writing system in the absence of political centralization. The Classic Maya case challenges long-standing assumptions about the social forces underlying the origins of early writing. It also reveals religion's potential to shape human culture and technology. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
This Element focuses on interactions between international assignees (IAs) and host country nationals (HCNs) by synthesizing three decades of empirical research using a combination of bibliometric, thematic, and content analyses. It delineates three major research streams in the field: language and communication; cultural adjustment; and IA-HCN relationships. Utilizing innovative mixed-methods review and analytical techniques, we shed light on the effects of language, communication, and cultural issues on IAs' and HCNs' adjustment, performance, learning, and career development. This Element reveals mixed effects of IA-HCN interactions, calling for further research to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of IA-HCN interactions. It offers valuable insights into effective cultural adjustment strategies and guides the development of practices for managing international assignments and cultivating positive IA-HCN relationships.
What is the mind? Mental Fictionalism offers an exciting and provocative new approach to this question. Its central idea is that mental states (thoughts, beliefs, desires) are useful fictions. When we talk about mental states, we should be seen as merely speaking 'as if' humans (and perhaps other creatures or even artefacts) had such states, in order to make sense of their behaviour. This Element is unique in presenting three versions of mental fictionalism in a single volume (prefix, pretence, and affective mental fictionalism), written by three of the most prominent proponents of each approach. The Element pits the different varieties of mental fictionalism against each other, allowing the reader to size them up. In the process, it offers a fresh perspective on foundational matters in the philosophy of mind, such as the nature of mental states, the role of folk psychology, and the relationship between mind and material culture.
Camp Ford's Civil War tells the story of Union and Confederate soldiers and civilians, enslaved people and refugees, and the natural world around them during the Civil War. The focal point is a ten-acre piece of land where over 5,000 Union prisoners of war sat out of battle while fighting their own distinctive kind of war. The narrative also explains the conflict in the wider southern Trans-Mississippi theater, a place that remains in the historical and historiographical shadow of the Civil War elsewhere. This is a story of what became of the largest prisoner of war camp west of the Mississippi River, but it is also a story about the war in the 200-mile radius around the prison camp - the geographic medium in and through which a remarkably diverse range of human and nonhuman communities swirled and overlapped to create a fascinating, if understudied, narrative of the Civil War.
It was long believed that the lack of available food in tropical forests was a limiting factor for the development of human cultures in the Amazon. Recently, a very different picture has emerged in which, on the eve of European invasion, the Amazon basin was home to thriving indigenous societies with highly sophisticated foodways that ultimately co-created the region's much-coveted biodiversity. In this Element, the authors bring together recent data and discussion points on the archaeology of food, alongside testimonies from Forest Peoples, that help us think about culinary traditions, biodiversity, and food sovereignty since the human colonization of the Amazon 12,000 years ago until the present-day climate emergency.
Aging is universal, but the ways we age are profoundly shaped by culture. This Element takes readers across Asia, Africa, North America, Europe, and Oceania to examine aging-in-place strategies, dementia-friendly communities, innovative senior living models, and culturally adapted health interventions. Through research, case studies, and community innovations, contributors highlight the interplay between tradition and modernity, resilience and contextual challenges, and individual and collective forms of care. Rich with global perspectives, this Element offers scholars, practitioners, caregivers, and policymakers culturally grounded insights to support older adults and their families in an increasingly interconnected and aging world.