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The concept of communicative competence has been rendered as context-abstracted code-bound knowledge for language teaching and assessment. This Element offers a different perspective on 'communication' and 'competence'. Section 1 offers the rationale for this re-orientation. Section 2 examines the conceptual and pedagogic affordances and delimitations of the prevailing approach to communicative competence; Section 3 describes a conceptual re-framing of language use as ecological languaging in terms of embodied, situation-sensitive action through which people coordinate with others, artefacts, and environments; Section 4 explores assessment approaches built on Bayesian principles for tracking learner development and progress by taking account of prior accomplishment, expert opinion, and emerging performance to create probabilistic trajectories; Section 5 focusses on professional developments related to conceptual refinement, curriculum design, teaching materials, and teacher education. Section 6 considers some key future challenges. This Element is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Bubbles have unique properties that make them of great importance in disparate fields such as energy production, acoustics, chemical engineering, material processing, biomedicine, food science and a host of others which, on the surface, appear to have little in common. Bringing together information scattered in many hundreds of sources, this book provides a unified treatment of the subject, illustrating the roots of this surprising versatility with a wealth of examples. The emphasis is on physics, explained with words and images before introducing a limited mathematical apparatus. Building on the foundation of the compressible and incompressible Rayleigh-Plesset equation, the treatment continues with the volume oscillations of gas bubbles and associated scattering and emission of sound, the diffusion of dissolved gases and of heat, boiling, nucleation and the behavior of bubbles in elastic and visco-elastic media. The book concludes with chapters on biomedical applications, sonochemistry, acoustic and flow cavitation and bubbly liquids.
Chinese language acquisition has been discussed from pedagogical and discoursal perspectives, however this innovative book presents a linguistic perspective on Chinese as a second language. Bridging theory and practice, it provides an authoritative, research-based foundation to enhance Chinese language teaching and learning methodologies globally. Bringing together 18 leading scholars to explore the linguistic underpinnings of Chinese language teaching and acquisition, the chapters cover key areas of language acquisition such as tone, prosody, Chinese characters, syntax, aspect, and pragmatic competence, and offer new theoretical perspectives, such as cognitive approaches, alongside practical applications. Combining the best scholarship from both Chinese and non-Chinese perspectives, it presents a unique, cross-cultural approach, reflecting global collaboration in the Chinese as a Second Language Research Association (CASLAR) community. Aiming to strengthen the theoretical foundations of language teaching, and advancing Chinese language teaching methodologies, this book is an essential resource for educators and students, as well as researchers.
In the face of the everchanging and increasingly complex regulatory and socio-technical challenges posed by AI and the Internet of Things, there is an urgent need for closer collaboration between technology designers and lawyers. Accountable Design provides a timely framework for bridging disciplines to design legally accountable technologies. Proposing the new concept of Accountable Design, Lachlan David Urquhart explores how to incorporate legal values into human-centered design processes. Three novel case studies ground discussion by showcasing uses of new technologies in cities, homes, and biometric applications while exploring how to design for privacy, security, trust, and safety. The book synthesizes insights from across technology law, human-computer-interaction, design research, science and technology studies, and philosophy of technology to address the challenges of building better technological design futures for humans and society.
Aristotle had a decisive impact on the development of ancient medicine. He and his followers conducted a dialogue about life and living beings, body and soul, and health and disease with doctors from the Classical period down to late antiquity: interlocutors who included key figures like Galen and the Hippocratic commentator Stephanus of Alexandria. Philip van der Eijk's magisterial and attractively written book describes and analyses this dialogue and argues that Aristotle strategically positioned himself within these discussions while making important and innovative contributions to them. The author further uncovers unpublished evidence showing how Aristotle's philosophy itself – and also the way it was elaborated by its later advocates and exegetes – was influenced by its close engagement with medical theory and practice. This important and much-anticipated book will transform both the study of Aristotle and his followers and that of Greek and Roman medicine.
The Cambridge History of the Irish Novel appears at a moment when the novel in Ireland is particularly vibrant, with new work by Irish novelists achieving global prominence. The Cambridge History of the Irish Novel offers the first full multi-author survey of the Irish novel to extend from the earliest Irish novels in the seventeenth century to the present. Each of its forty-seven chapters is written by a leading scholar in the field. Cutting across this chronological organisation, The Cambridge History of the Irish Novel also features more than 300 internal cross-references, allowing the reader to track, for instance, the recurrence of the gothic, or the transnational, across genres, across readerships, and across centuries. As such, The Cambridge History of the Irish Novel provides, quite simply, the most extensive view of one of the world's great cultures of the novel.
How do organisations change, and how do we, as individuals, make sense of it? This textbook addresses that vital question by offering a comprehensive framework of perspectives on organisational transformation. Built on the idea that all change theories rest on important underlying beliefs and assumptions, it invites students and practitioners to explore seven distinct ways of understanding change. Rather than advocating for a single model, the book encourages readers to navigate between perspectives, deepening their ability to interpret, communicate, and act in times of transformation. Drawing on decades of research and practice, it blends conceptual rigour with illustrative examples, accessible language, and real-world case studies, making it an ideal resource for management students, change practitioners, and educators alike. Supplementary materials include lecture slides, tutorial slides, and teaching schedules for instructors, and reading lists, video resources, and extra cases for students.
Revisiting the Romantic period as one of revolution, abolitionism, and mass print, Emily Wing Rohrbach explores the bound book's political force across literary genres. Innovative readings illuminate interplays of meaning between poetics and material format, showing how Romantics thought carefully, and sometimes anxiously, about the material forms in which their words would circulate. They understood the book's capacity to expose the cultural status quo as a product of choice and chance. Rohrbach puts conventionally 'Romantic' authors, such as Keats and Landon, in conversation with early Black Atlantic authors from the perspective of book history for the first time. She thus reveals an association between a politics of social equality and the book as a reading technology that is visible, however unevenly, across these authors' works. This title is part of the Flip it Open Programme and may also be available open access. Check our website Cambridge Core for details.
One skeptical challenge to the authority of reason is that the rational forms we use to conceive the world are illicitly imposed upon the world by us. In this book, Andrew Werner closely analyzes that threat to the authority of reason, suggests that many contemporary responses to the threat fail to answer it, and argues for the particular importance and value of Hegel's response. Werner develops an original account of Hegel's method and an original interpretation of his justification and construction of the categories of substance and causality, and shows how Hegel responds both to Hume's argument that we cannot give any justification for the objective validity of these categories, and to Kant's instructive but ultimately insufficient attempt to vindicate these categories. His bold study articulates and illuminates the radical systematic implications of Hegel's thought in the fields of metaphysics and epistemology.
Applied linguists' interests and values have expanded in synergy with evolving technologies over the past decades, and with the tools and concepts developed in other disciplines. This timely book explains applied linguists' interest in technology in connection with their study of language-related problems in the real world. The decades of history and intersections with other disciplines provide background for introducing 11 types of technology-mediated language learning activities, grounded in the research-practice interface characterizing applied linguistics. Examples of past research are interpreted through the lens of design-based research to examine how design principles are developed for language learning and language assessment. Concrete implications are outlined for language pedagogy and its evaluation, language teacher education, and technology studies in applied linguistics. These foundations of technology and language learning will animate a spirit of critical professional inquiry toward current and future digital technologies as they intersect with language learners.
The planetary boundaries framework examines the profound risks human actions pose to Earth's stability and resilience. Since its introduction in 2009, and through subsequent updates, the framework has become one of the most influential ideas of our age, yet it has not been put to close ethical scrutiny. This book takes a multidisciplinary approach to the ethics of the planetary boundaries, ranging from international law to Indigenous knowledge and from science to art, and political ecology. The editors introduce each boundary before two chapters examine the reach, limits, and ethical stakes of each of the nine planetary boundaries. This volume comes at a critical moment, when unprecedented environmental challenges demand new approaches, tools, and perspectives to address questions of epistemology and justice. It is a valuable resource for students, citizens, and academics concerned with relationships of knowledges, ethics, and environments. This title is available Open Access through Cambridge Core.
This Element is a study in cultural history, focusing on ancient Mediterranean religious traditions during the second to the early seventh centuries CE and their attempts to provide theologically sound explanations for the existence of multiple languages. The goal is to deliver a concise but balanced and, as far as possible, comprehensive treatment of the ideas about languages, linguistic diversity, and foreign language speakers across religious traditions in Late Antiquity. Therefore, this Element assumes a comparative perspective. Besides taking into account the inner heteroglossia of early Christianity, we examine sources associated with Greco-Roman polytheism, various forms of Judaism, Manicheism, and other hybrid religious forms during the late Roman and early post-Roman eras.
Inequality is an essential concept for understanding the impact of digital media on political life. This Element offers an empirical portrait of digital political inequality globally. We find that gaps in online political information reception and engagement are prevalent worldwide and growing over time. These inequalities are related to the resources held by individuals, the experiences of groups, and the economic, democratic, and technological development of societies. Moreover, we find that digital political media use is associated with greater participation in electoral politics and belief in democracy, while at the same time lower political trust and satisfaction with political systems. Based on these findings, we offer an agenda for studying digital political inequality across societal, technological, institutional, and individual levels. Ultimately, digital media not only create walls that separate the political haves and have-nots, but also windows and doors to greater political voice and influence for the less powerful.
What if the deepest resources for globalizing IR lie not in capitalist modernity, but in humanity's much older struggles against hierarchy? This Element argues that Global IR cannot become genuinely anti-Eurocentric unless it breaks decisively with 'methodological presentism': the tendency to read the past in terms of the present. Engaging Global IR debates, and drawing on Karl Polanyi, Political Marxism, and evolutionary anthropology, the book offers a non-presentist macro-historical narrative. It mobilizes deep history to trace the millennia-old human capacities to refuse domination, pursue autonomy, and sustain cooperation, thereby inviting readers to fundamentally rethink the sources of human interconnectedness and solidarity. On this basis, it proposes 'radical modernity', rooted in the prehistoric legacy of 'radical egalitarianism', as an alternative to capitalist modernity. Radical modernity is not a Western achievement later diffused to the non-Western world, but an alternative foundation for rethinking universality, difference, and the 'international' from below.
Writers who read, think, and write across languages need tailored support to navigate the complexities of crosslingual writing. Despite interest in pedagogical translanguaging and the rehabilitation of translation in language teaching, crosslingual writing remains underexplored as it stands at the margins of established disciplinary domains such as additional language instruction, writing pedagogy, and translator education. This Element argues that crosslingual writing is not only an essential skill for plurilingual communication, but also a powerful tool for language and writing development and deeper learning. Situating crosslingual writing within the trans/plurilingual turn and combining theoretical, empirical, and pedagogical insights from language (in) education, writing instruction, and translation studies, this Element identifies tools, strategies, and digital literacies for AI-powered crosslingual writing. It further explores how crosslingual writing can be systematically integrated into language curricula, offering practical strategies for pedagogical task design, scaffolding activities, and crosslingual writing assessment.
Why are some deeply divided societies able to craft stable constitutional regimes while others have failed and continue to be mired in endless communal conflict? This puzzle constitutes the central question this book seeks to address. This book is directed at scholars who wish to understand the riddles of constitutional performance in deeply divided societies, and those who are interested in understanding Afghanistan's troubled constitutional history. By providing the most comprehensive account of the drafting and performance of Afghanistan's 2004 constitution, the book is aimed at scholars who want to understand the nuances of the process that produced the Constitution and evaluate its performance with fresh eyes. The world is full of divided, post-conflict societies which continue to witness tragic violent conflicts. This book is thus a valuable resource for policy makers who are currently grappling with how to approach thorny problems of constitutional design and nation-building in these societies.
This Element examines the legal infrastructure required to address the intertwined health and environmental crises of the Anthropocene. It introduces planetary health law as an emerging transdisciplinary paradigm that integrates global health law and international environmental law to tackle the impacts of climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution on humanity and the broader biosphere. The Element highlights the shortcomings of current frameworks, which remain largely voluntary and anthropocentric. It makes the case for a comprehensive planetary health law framework that recognizes both the human right to a healthy planet and the planetary right to health. This integrated approach would catalyze systemic institutional reform. Key proposals include the creation of a Planetary Health Organization to coordinate the efforts of the World Health Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme, alongside a Planetary Health Tribunal to enforce ecocentric norms and accountability. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Why do health inequalities persist even in systems promising universal coverage? A key reason is the hidden challenge of long-term treatment adherence. When patients struggle to stay on track, existing inequalities deepen. But is strict adherence always the best route to wellbeing? Life brings competing priorities, and treatment should not eclipse everything else-yet structural injustices often leave disadvantaged patients with few options. This book explores the lived reality of chronic illness, revealing how healthcare can support patients in balancing treatment with everyday demands. It emphasises person-centered care, highlighting the fragility of illness and the need for socially aware support beyond clinical routines. At its core is a bold ethical framework for chronic care, urging shared responsibility to address cumulative disadvantage. Thought-provoking and timely, this book challenges assumptions and offers a vision for care that is humane, equitable, and ethically grounded.
The twentieth-century consolidation of the nation-state as the dominant political institution has meant that political theorists have conceptualised justice primarily through the provision of statist rights. The author shows that the concept of haqq allows us to recognise and move past some limitations of justice as statist rights. Focussing on critical theory, given its sympathetic substantive focus on oppression and liberatory struggles, and methodological emphasis on combining empirical detail with theoretical insight, she argues that dominant strands are locked in a circular debate due to their investment in statist visions of justice. This renders their theorising irrelevant to the concerns of many especially in the Global South, and importantly, truncates imagination of alternatives. Building upon oral histories of refugees from the Tribal Areas of Pakistan and their articulation of haqq, the author argues for approaching haqq as enabling actually existing non-statist justice that foregrounds the agency of the oppressed.