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Clouds, in their various forms, are a vital part of our lives. The second edition of this comprehensive textbook includes new tables, color figures, and updates taking into account recent research. It discusses cloud types and their effects on climate, including the Earth's energy budget and the hydrological cycle. These depend on processes on the cloud microphysical scale, encompassing the formation of cloud droplets, ice crystals and precipitation, as well as on the stability and dynamics of the large-scale environment and availability of aerosol particles. Chapters cover fundamentals of atmospheric thermodynamics, radiation, midlatitude and tropical storms, and climate intervention. Supplementary problem sets and multiple-choice questions for each chapter are available online. Combining mathematical formulations with qualitative explanations of the underlying concepts, this book requires relatively little previous knowledge, making it ideal for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in atmospheric science and related disciplines. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
This Element presents a constructionist approach to clausal syntax in Swedish. Swedish syntax poses some challenges to language learners and linguists alike, particularly as regards word order. We handle these challenges in a network model of Swedish syntax, in which clausal and phrasal constructions at different levels of generality interact with argument structure constructions and other syntactic structures. Key to the analysis is a restrictive treatment of clausal hierarchy, a view of constructions as conventional usage patterns, and treating combination of constructions by conceptual blending. Thus, the model combines a formalized overall account of clausal syntax with a view of language as inherently usage-based. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Combining cross-linguistic typology, experimental data and formal analysis, this book introduces a new theoretical model for understanding how and why vowels change in unstressed syllables - Mora Loss and Restoration (MLR) Theory. In MLR Theory, unstressed vowels lose moras – phonological elements that represent duration. This loss, which is distinct from feature loss, has pervasive phonological and phonetic effects, but can be reversed later in the derivation. This book addresses methodological challenges, emphasizing the importance of morphophonological alternations and acoustic measurements, and offers a comprehensive typology of vowel reduction patterns. The theory is backed up with a wealth of data from New Zealand English and European Portuguese speakers, bridging abstract phonological theory with concrete evidence. Written for researchers and students of phonology, phonetics and morphology, this book is a valuable resource for those exploring the theoretical and empirical dimensions of vowel reduction across languages, and especially the interaction of prosody and segments.
This Element highlights the coastal and island communities of the central Mediterranean as key actors in long-distance exchange networks with the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean during the Bronze Age. It presents a dynamic, interconnected landscape of people, goods, and ideas, emphasising multidirectional and multiscalar interactions and their impact on exchange and social identities. Organised thematically, geographically, and chronologically, it offers accessible insights for both specialists and non-specialists, combining detailed archaeological evidence with critical interpretation. The Element underscores the role of local conditions in shaping long-distance Bronze Age exchange networks and fostering social and cultural connections across the Mediterranean, opening fresh perspectives on exchange and identity.
From the 1920s to the 1960s in Cuba, against the backdrop of revolutions, new constitutions, and rampant inequality, the Cuban Communist Party stood out as an unparalleled space for Black political leadership, activism, and advocacy. This party, led by Black political actors, including labor leaders, members of Black fraternal organizations and the Black intelligentsia, fought for an end to racial discrimination and used their voices to advocate for true equality. Analyzing US government surveillance records, Cuban newspapers, government records, party pamphlets, and more, Kaitlyn D. Henderson illustrates how the Cuban Communist Party created a unique space for an expression of Cuban Black nationalism and how communist parties in the western hemisphere strayed from traditional Marxist ideology. An important corrective, this book sheds light on the overlooked history of Black Communist leaders who fought for equality before the Revolution changed everything.
The third edition of this essential introductory text has been fully updated in light of the genomics revolution. Providing authoritative and engaging coverage for students and professionals of conservation genetics and genomics, conservation biology, and wildlife biology, the authors explain the underpinning mathematics clearly and accessibly throughout. The critical link between theory and practice, so often obscured in applied genetics, is illuminated in each chapter through examples of diverse conservation issues (including strengthened plant coverage), the solutions needed, and detailed step-by-step guides on how genetic principles can be applied. Self-learning is further facilitated through problem sets with solutions, case studies, main point boxes, symbol and software lists, and approximately 600 engaging full-color photos and 300 graphics which relate genetic processes to species level conservation. Highlighting the interdependence between 'ecology' and 'genetics,' this text is educationally rich and visually stunning.
Forgotten Hills is a book about lost geographies. It is about how the subordination of mountainous Tibet to lowland China meant the erasure of the hills between, and how the legal, environmental, and social transformations of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries hardened boundaries between Tibetan, Chinese, and Muslim peoples, obscuring the histories and practices that had bound hill folk together for generations. Wesley B. Chaney tells the story of this transformation by exploring small communities on the ferociously complex “mid-slope”—the hills along the northeastern edges of the Tibetan Plateau. Drawing from legal cases, genealogies, and Tibetan-language histories, Forgotten Hills illustrates how disputes over traditional landholding regimes erupted into violent conflict over resources and ethnic and religious identity. The ethno-politics that define modern China, this book reveals, arose from the legal disputes and everyday politics of the now forgotten hills.
In this fascinating history of European federalism during the 1920s and 1930s, Rebecca Shriver uncovers a surprising grassroots phenomenon. Moving beyond the familiar story of elite male intellectuals, she reveals how women and feminist activists in the Pan-European Union, the New Europe Group, and the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom shaped new visions for a united Europe. These organizations imagined a continental federation that prioritized cooperation, reconciliation, and individualism-qualities they associated with women's leadership. By reframing the failures of the nation-state as products of 'man-made' systems, they offered alternatives grounded in gendered ideas of peace. Drawing on rich archival research, this study challenges conventional narratives of European integration and demonstrates the central role of women in its intellectual foundations. Both timely and provocative, it speaks to enduring debates on democracy, polarization, and international cooperation that continue to resonate today.
This essential new edition study guide includes in-depth coverage of past FFICM exam material, offering an invaluable resource for trainees preparing for the OSCE examination in intensive care medicine. The structured layout gives the reader clear and convenient access to a wealth of model questions and answers ideal for both quick-fire practice or more detailed study. Featuring over 100 completely new questions, the book covers data interpretation, equipment, imaging, ECG, ethics and communication and simulation. Questions are matched to the curriculum and a sample marking scheme is provided to assist with exam preparation. This enhanced edition focuses on key topics, realistic question formats and exam technique with new simulation, ECG and imaging scenarios. Written in a style that allows the reader to quickly pick out salient points but also with sufficient background material to enhance the learning experience and save valuable revision time.
This book offers the first comprehensive comparative study of how political polarization reshapes the role and functioning of supreme and constitutional courts. Drawing on case studies from the United States, the United Kingdom, Brazil, India, Israel, Germany, Spain, and other jurisdictions, it examines how courts are transformed when deep political and social divisions meet powerful judicial institutions. The book identifies the factors that drive courts toward partisanship, the mechanisms through which polarization alters judicial nominations, decision-making and public trust, and the broader implications for the rule of law and democratic stability. It also analyzes reform proposals aimed at reducing the political stakes surrounding courts or balancing their internal composition. Combining theoretical analysis with rich comparative materials, the book will be of interest to scholars, students, and readers seeking to understand the challenges that polarized democracies face in maintaining legitimate, independent, and effective courts.
This Element brings three topics into closer contact: scepticism about the external world, the metaphysics of perception, and the epistemology of perception. It argues that a certain kind of response to external world scepticism is significantly stronger if we make certain theoretical commitments regarding the metaphysics and epistemology of perception. Particularly, it argues that a neo-Moorean epistemological disjunctivist response to scepticism is much more compelling when underpinned by a naïve realist theory of perceptual phenomenal character and the transparency model of how we acquire knowledge of our perceptual states. The possibility that these theories are true radically alters the dialectical situation with respect to external world scepticism: the sceptical argument is on much shakier ground than is usually appreciated. Integrating our theorising about our knowledge of the external world and our theorising about the metaphysics and epistemology of perception affords a more comprehensive view of our anti-sceptical options.
In this groundbreaking study, Asaad Alsaleh reveals how ISIS weaponized Islamic texts to transform Islamic theology into a tool of ideological violence. Drawing on close readings of Arabic primary sources, he explores the historic notion of takfir – excommunication -- from the 'apostasy wars' that followed Prophet Muhammad's death through modern jihadist movements. Alsaleh demonstrates how political authorities systematically exploited excommunication to eliminate perceived threats throughout Muslim history. He also examines the theological mechanisms through which the group legitimizes violence. Combining theological, historical, and ideological analysis, Alsaleh argues that ISIS pursues a utopian project based on man-made ideology rather than divine revelation, thus distinguishing authentic Islam (rooted in the Qur'an and authenticated Prophetic hadith) from human interpretations that have been tragically conflated with the religion itself. Alsaleh concludes with suggestions as to how to solve the problems that ideology poses, emphasizing that clear efforts must be made to disentangle ideology from religion.
Laura Nenzi draws readers into a fascinating world of samurai, shipwrecks, nocturnal monsters and partying crowds, in this richly detailed, illustrated and evocative history of the night. The world over, the installation of public lights transformed the night, reshaping expressions of authority; altering centuries-old forms of production and consumption; and enabling the expansion of legitimate daytime activities into the night hours. The cities of Tokugawa Japan, however, lacked any kind of public illumination until the late nineteenth century. Nonetheless, Nenzi shows, many of the attributes associated with the modern night were firmly in place in cities and villages well before the age of streetlights. This exploration of the transformation of early modern Japan after dark challenges accepted definitions of modernity, encouraging readers to rethink the way we write history.
Businesses are increasingly leveraging big data in financial analysis to improve decision-making, risk management, and market competitiveness, and professionals who know how to apply this data are in high demand. Designed for graduate programs and advanced undergraduate studies, this text synthesizes traditional statistics and econometrics with contemporary artificial intelligence and machine learning methods, preparing readers for the realities of modern-day financial data analysis. It studies known unknowns versus unknown unknowns and provides a systematic and objective characterization of statistical versus actual significance. Applying advanced theoretical and empirical methods to massive high-frequency databases, the book explores market microstructure, risk, market efficiency, equities, fixed income securities, and options. Grounded in over three decades of research, consulting, management, and teaching experience, it serves as a comprehensive and practical resource for students, practitioners, and scholars in capital markets, advanced analytics, and litigation.
Critical language pedagogy (CLP) is the application of critical pedagogy (CP) ideas and principles to the teaching of additional languages. CLP is mainly associated with a theory of education in which the work of Brazilian educator Paulo Freire is to be taken as central. This Element aims to provide readers with a simple and direct introduction to this perspective on additional language teaching. It addresses main principles, regular practices, materials, and their availability and form and considers future development work needed. The starting point is teachers' values, alongside students' issues and problems, and the (ideal) end point is a desired network of teachers (together with students and community members) who have a shared interest in transforming their classrooms in directions that will foster human flourishing.
Cognitive ability research and practice in the work context are at a crossroads. Our established approaches have made tremendous contributions to understanding human behavior at work. However, their utility is being questioned at a time when cognitive ability is more important than ever for success in the modern world of work. This book offers an accessible introduction to a broad range of cognitive ability theories that have the potential to advance cognitive ability research and practice in work contexts. It addresses challenges to cognitive ability research and presents new directions for academics, practitioners, and professionals across organizational psychology, human resources, management, education, and testing. This book provides insights that will help modernize how cognitive ability is conceptualized, assessed, and applied in workplace contexts.
Behind the front lines of the Second World War raged a different kind of battle. In secret camps across Britain, thousands of enemy spies, soldiers, and war criminals were interrogated in the effort to defeat Nazi Germany and the ideology that drove it. Drawing on extensive British archival sources, Artemis Photiadou uncovers the methods, motives, and moral tensions behind this vast machinery of questioning. Within it, officers, scientists, and linguists sought to extract military intelligence, as well as to grasp why individuals fought Hitler's war and, eventually, to assess their complicity in the regime's crimes. The resulting interactions expose the complexity of those who were questioned, the assumptions of their interrogators, and the ethical contradictions of a liberal state at war. This is a vivid account of how Britain attempted to comprehend the enemy it was fighting. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Sicilian curse practices have often been misread through Athenocentric paradigms. This book repositions Sicily at the centre of inquiry, offering the first holistic analysis of legal curse tablets (defixiones iudiciariae) from the sixth to the fourth centuries BCE, with particular focus on Selinous, Akragas and Kamarina. Moving beyond isolated textual readings, it situates these inscriptions within the legal, social and political environments that shaped their production. The study provides new editions and drawings of key tablets – revisited after decades of neglect – while addressing palaeographic, chronological and editorial issues. For the first time, it also assembles a complete set of images of all major examples, making them fully accessible. By embedding curses within civic life and predominantly elite rivalries, it reveals them as 'paralegal' instruments in the renegotiation of status, authority and power. Sicilian legal curses thus emerge as independent from, rather than appendices to, their better-known Attic and Athenian counterparts.
Palermo was an active participant in the global dynamics of early modernity, a role that shaped its remaking as the capital of the Habsburg viceroyalty of Sicily. Situating the sixteenth-century city within the broader landscape of Spanish colonialism, Elizabeth Kassler-Taub positions Palermo as a model for understanding how capitals at the edges of empire were made and imagined, inhabited and described. Architecture and Urbanism in Early Modern Palermo: Building an Elastic City introduces readers to monuments and sites absent from mainstream histories of early modern Italy and Spain, highlighting the experimental design models and building practices developed in response to, and defiance of, the city's entanglements across both the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. Kassler-Taub conceptualizes Palermo's capacity for change and adaptation as an index of its 'elasticity.' She shows how the city's centuries-long colonial condition generated remarkable resilience: Palermo was able to withstand tension and to reshape itself without violating its basic form and identity.