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This Element argues that early modern witchcraft (discourse, visual imagery and trials) in Scotland, England, Ireland and America demonised, devalued and disqualified non-normative bodies and minds. Using interpretative frameworks of monstrosity and deformity, while working within wider religious and medical understandings of disability, physical, cognitive, and sensory difference was read as inner corruption, sin or divine punishment or medicalised and pathologized as something to be fixed. The witch's body became monstrous through association with demonic creatures and physical transformation, while visible physical difference offered sought-after physical evidence of witchcraft. Intersecting with social status, reputation, and gender, disability then explains why some individuals were accused of witchcraft. Disability could also hamper a suspects' ability to defend themselves during interrogation and trial. Their victims, the bewitched, however, used witchcraft accusations to navigate discriminatory narratives and treatment of disabling conditions and to find ways to cure or mitigate them.
GIS and Predictive Modelling introduces the roles of GIS-based predictive modelling of archaeological landscapes. The Element outlines the conceptual frameworks that inform GIS and predictive modelling, and presents the organisational structures and types of information that are typically used to build GIS and predictive models. To illustrate the key issues, we integrate GIS layers of cultural and environmental information in a novel case study from a coastal landscape in Gunai/Kurnai Country, southeastern Australia. We then apply predictive modelling to the study region, to examine the likely effects of predicted sea level rise on archaeological sites and landscapes along the Bass Strait coast and the shores of the Gippsland Lakes.
Preferences are the point of departure for economic analysis. Despite myriad experiments designed to characterize preferences, no consensus has been reached. In The Evolutionary Foundation of Preferences, Arthur J. Robson and Larry Samuelson examine how economic preferences might be shaped by biological evolution. They theorize that each of us is descended from a line of ancestors who were able to survive and reproduce, and they analyze how this may have affected modern preferences. Drawing on demographic models, they explain how different preferences induce different behaviors which lead to different growth rates among respective subpopulations. People whose preferences induce the highest growth rate eventually comprise the overwhelming proportion of the population. Examining neuroscientific evidence that points to a cardinal, or hedonic, interpretation of utility, the authors discuss the implications of these interpretations and the challenges raised for welfare economics.
Regime transitions often raise expectations for sweeping policy change-yet those expectations are not always realized. Focusing on the mechanisms linking regime type and policy, Policy in Transition explains how, and under which conditions, policy changes are likely to occur after a regime transition. Whether policies change depends on how the transition reshapes the space for contestation and on the visibility of the policy in question. This finding argument is supported through an in-depth comparative historical analysis of the evolution of housing and financial policies across regime types changes in Argentina and Brazil since the 1960s. Drawing on extensive archival materials, public records, historical media, and interviews with key actors, the book studies policymaking across different authoritarian and democratic regimes providing nuanced insights into the relationship between political regimes and policy change.
During the first four centuries of the common era, scholars and theologians laid the ground work for Christian doctrines that have shaped the faith and practice of believers for two millenia. This was the formative period of Christianity when the major theological tenets of the faith were articulated. The writings of the earliest Christians continue to serve as a vital source of inspiration and guidance for Christians around the world. This Companion offers an overview of Christianity's foundational beliefs and practices. Providing an historiographical overview of the topic, it includes essays on the key thinkers and texts, as well as doctrines and practices that emerged during early Christian era. The volume covers the range of texts produced over four centuries and written by theologians hailing from throughout the Mediterranean world, including the Latin West, North Africa, and the Greek east. Written by an international team of scholars, this Companion serves an accessible introduction to the topic for students and scholars alike.
Offering new readings on language and civil conflict in a variety of Ancient Greek and Roman texts, this study puts these reflections from the classical world in dialogue with contemporary philosophy and political theory. Daniel Sutton focuses on Thucydides, Plato, Sallust, and Tacitus, exploring the ways in which the figure of paradiastole (often termed 'rhetorical redescription') was deployed to explain the conflicts of value which underpinned civil strife. These texts paint vivid pictures of what happens to language during civil discord: pictures which seem increasingly familiar today. Simultaneously, they grapple deeply with what it means to search for timeless values in times of conflict. This study demonstrates how ancient texts can offer us new ways of understanding the role of language in civil discord, of restoring political dialogue in fractious times, and of approaching intellectual history itself.
Appropriation, 'making something one's own', is a modern way of thinking about social practices. This volume highlights the potential of this critical concept for the investigation of everyday religious practice – and more generally, everyday social practice – in Antiquity. Appropriation foregrounds the agency of the social actors against the strictures imposed by the dominant culture's social order, whose ideas and practices they make their own, altering them in multiple, often subtle ways. How does appropriation transform pre-existing, traditional practices? What are the dominant structures against which the actors operate? Which tactics do they use? These are only some of the questions this volume seeks to address. The critical term 'appropriation' has yet to be fully discovered by classicists; the case studies in this volume, ranging from classical Greece to Late Antique Egypt, endeavour to demonstrate its pertinence to the study of religion in Antiquity.
The Video Atlas of Surgical Techniques in Trauma is designed to guide surgeons through essential trauma procedures with clarity and precision. This collection features high-quality, step-by-step videos performed on perfused and mechanically ventilated human cadavers, bringing unparalleled realism to surgical education. Each procedure is supplemented with top quality illustrations, concise text descriptions, and key tips and pitfalls. It covers exposures and surgical techniques for traumatic injuries to the brain, neck, chest, abdomen, vessels, soft tissues, and also includes common emergency resuscitative procedures performed in the trauma bay. Every video concludes with a review of critical concepts and pearls. Whether you're a seasoned trauma surgeon or a trainee learning the fundamentals, this comprehensive resource is an indispensable guide. Ideal for use in both high-resource trauma centers and austere, resource-limited environments, this video atlas is the definitive companion for those committed to mastering trauma surgery.
Tracing the development of Rome over a span of 1200 years, The Topography and Monuments of Ancient Rome offers an overview of the changing appearance of the city and the social, political, and military factors that shaped it. C. Brian Rose places Rome's architecture, coinage, inscriptions and monuments in historical context and offers a nuanced analysis regarding the evolution of the city and its monuments over time. He brings an interdisciplinary approach to his study, merging insights gained from cutting-edge techniques in archaeological research, such as remote sensing, core-sampling, palaeobotany, neutron-activation analysis, and isotopic analysis, with literary, epigraphic, and numismatic evidence. Rose also includes reconstructions of the ancient city that reflect the rapid developments in digital technology and mapping in the last three decades. Aimed at scholars and students alike, Rose's study demonstrates how evidence can be drawn from a variety of approaches. It serves as a model for studying and viewing the growth and structure of ancient cities.
English is an important part of the linguistic repertoire of Pakistanis and is used in government, top level judiciary, higher education, business, and the internet. In this Element, we cover brief history, attitudes, a feature description, and uses of English on the internet by Pakistanis. The study of attitudes shows that Pakistanis mostly look outwards for standards and norms. The analysis of various features at phonological, orthographic, lexical, and grammatical levels shows that Pakistani English has distinct features that can be categorised in three ways: contact-induced features (e.g. reduplication), the result of conservativism in the variety (e.g. which vs that relatives), and influenced by American and British English (e.g. spellings). English is also frequently used on platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. We conclude that English in Pakistan is well-established and stabilised with evolutionary characteristics of 'nativisation' on Schneider's Dynamic Model.
Volume III focuses on the evolution of crusading beyond the Holy Land, the ways in which crusading impacted the people of Europe, and the cultural, political and religious legacies that were left behind. As a major cultural driver of the medieval age, it did much to shape religious thinking and practices, as well as influencing royal, knightly and civic ideology. Across twenty-one chapters, leading experts reveal the impact the Crusades had on women, Jews and emphasises the prominent presence of the Military Orders. Further essays show the rapid diversification of crusading to encompass enemies of the Catholic Church in Iberia, the Baltic and eastern Europe, the heretical Cathars, as well as the Ottoman Turks in the sixteenth century. It concludes with extensive coverage of the vast and diverse legacies of the Crusades, revealing the complexity and contemporary relevance of these contrasting memories in the West and the Muslim world.
Specialization, the regularized or institutionalized production for use by and exchange with others, underlies social cohesion at all sociopolitical scales; it is as much a social phenomenon as it is an economic and logistical one. Craft specialization can be studied across cultures and time periods, from myriad theoretical perspectives and in conjunction with discussions of structures and processes of interest to many in the humanities and social sciences: subsistence, the social utility of material culture, political economy, power, sociopolitical organization, exchange, and the creation of meaning and value, among others. Using case studies from around the world, this Element discusses the evidence used to study the economic and social aspects of the organization of production, explores how different environmental, economic, social, and political factors affect the organization of production, examines the social impacts of the organization of production, and demonstrates how participation in specialized economic activities affects producers' lived experience.
This is the first study of Sergei Eisenstein's relationship to classical antiquity. Eisenstein regarded the cinema as a Gesamtkunstwerk and considered the ancient Greeks among its ancestors. He detected what he called “cinematism” in Homer, the Laocoon sculpture group, the Acropolis, and elsewhere. The book interprets Eisenstein's chief concept, montage, as a visual analogy to clever juxtapositions in Roman poetry and examines his conflicts with Stalin and the Communist Party over Bezhin Meadow and Ivan the Terrible alongside the classical rhetorical strategy of formidable speaking in the face of absolute power and the Russian practice of Aesopian language. Eisenstein also influenced the design of the New Acropolis Museum via an essay about the Acropolis' architectural promenade and his epic Alexander Nevsky. The cinematism of the Parthenon Frieze, American cinema architecture modeled on the Parthenon, and Eisenstein's image of the cinema as a temple reinforce his importance within the classical tradition.
Anaïs Nin in Context restores Nin as a central voice of twentieth-century literature. Best known for her diaries and erotica, Nin was also an experimental novelist, essayist, and cultural figure, whose work resonates with questions of sexuality, creativity, and identity. This volume assembles an international team of scholars to explore Nin's life and legacy across seven thematic sections: life and genres; interpersonal and artistic influences; subjectivity and the mind; gender and women's rights; geographical settings; sociocultural contexts; and reception. Together, the thirty-four essays situate Nin within artistic circles from Paris to New York, examine her engagement with feminism and psychoanalysis, and trace her enduring afterlife in film, graphic novels, and contemporary scholarship. Accessible yet rigorous, Anaïs Nin in Context will serve students, researchers, and readers eager to reassess Nin's contributions and understand her as a cosmopolitan writer, whose voice continues to speak to issues pertaining to the woman artist.
The Cambridge Handbook of Competition Law and Antitrust Theory reimagines competition law for an era of global, digital, and societal transformation. Authored by leading scholars across disciplines, this landmark volume explores the intersections of efficiency, fairness, freedom, innovation, and democracy in competition law and market regulation. Moving beyond doctrine, it presents competition law as a dynamic framework that both shapes and reflects broader social values. Blending theoretical rigor with policy insight, it addresses critical issues including digital platforms, innovation, sustainability, and economic power. Designed for students, academics, practitioners, and policymakers alike, this Handbook provides an engaging interdisciplinary roadmap for understanding and rethinking competition law in the twenty-first century.
The Minimalist Program is a long-established branch of Chomsky's Generative approach to linguistics, which, since its first incarnation in the early 1990s, has become one of the most prominent frameworks for syntax. Bringing together a team of world-renowned scholars, this Handbook provides a comprehensive guide to current developments in generative syntactic theory. Split into five thematic parts, the chapters cover the historical context and foundations of the program, overviews of the major areas of research within modern syntactic theory, and a survey of the variety of phenomena dealt with within Minimalism through a focus on concepts, primitives, and operations. It offers in-depth perspectives on the core concepts and operations in the Minimalist Program for readers who are not already familiar with it, as well as a complete overview of the state-of-the-art in the field, making it essential reading for both scholars and students in the field.
Volume I provides this generation's definitive account to crusading history, beginning with the First Crusade in 1095, through Richard the Lionheart, Saladin and the Third Crusade (1187–92), to the fall of the Holy Land in 1291. Across twenty-four chapters, leading experts also provide broad coverage of the source material, delivering fresh perspectives and interpretations. The volume brings together new insights into the establishment of crusader rule and the ongoing interaction of these new Christian territories – in military, religious, cultural and economic terms – with local societies and regimes, most notably the Muslims and the Byzantine Greeks.
While reviewing central approaches in the philosophical literature on risk-attitudes, this Element argues for two related pluralistic theses, one conceptual and one normative. The conceptual thesis is that different types of attitudes, some of which are desires and some of which are not, count as risk-attitudes. An agent's attitude toward the risk involved in an uncertain prospect is characterized as the collection of mental states that affect the agent's evaluation of the prospect's possible outcomes, in the context of that specific prospect. The normative thesis is that the rationality conditions governing risk-attitudes have a conditional form: they allow for a wide range of preferences, provided that the agent has reasons to adopt particular risk-attitudes. The axiom systems used in different decision-theoretic models are understood not as expressing universally applicable normative constraints, but rather as characterizations of types of situations in which the reasons to adopt certain risk-attitudes exhibit specific structures.
This is a study of how Christian Trinitarian understanding of monotheism has been expressed in Christian prayer and worship. It studies the emergence and development of a distinctive language of prayer within the New Testament and among some early Church Fathers, which laid the basis for later belief in and worship of the Trinity. This contemplative belief is studied in the light of Eastern and Western understandings of the Trinity, by examining certain key figures Christian history. It concludes with a discussion of the continuing mystical and contemplative traditions within Eastern and Western Christianity. This Element does not consider the development of Christian liturgy, however, which has already been considered in an earlier Element in this series. Nor does it address the varied impact of the Reformation upon the Western churches, which will be addressed by further Elements to be published in this series.
This comprehensive and integrative guide to the evolution of human culture offers a unified introduction to one of today's most dynamic interdisciplinary fields. Drawing on research from the Stockholm School of Cultural Evolution, it explains how complex human cultures arise from simple learning mechanisms and social interactions. Across eleven accessible chapters, leading scholars trace the deep origins of culture in animal behavior, explore the evolution of language and technology, model the spread of ideas and norms, and examine how large-scale cultural systems emerge and transform. Bridging biology, psychology, archaeology, linguistics, intellectual history, and complex-systems science, this volume demonstrates how minimalist, domain-general principles can account for the extraordinary diversity of human cultures. Written for students and researchers across the social sciences, humanities, and natural sciences, it provides a coherent, up-to-date framework for understanding what culture is and how it changes.