As the colonial crisis deepened in 1906, reforms became increasingly imperative. This chapter highlights the legal and administrative responses to mounting challenges, entailing a fundamental rethinking of Germany’s colonial policy. A budget showdown over the Herero and Nama War culminated in the Reichstag’s dissolution, opening the way for a reorganisation of colonial administration. In 1907, the Colonial Department was upgraded to the Imperial Colonial Office, headed by Bernhard Dernburg, who professionalised the administration and inaugurated a turn towards developmentalism. The expansion of infrastructure, intended to promote economic development, went hand in hand with harsher labour and mobility controls, especially in South West Africa after the 1907 Native Ordinances. Meanwhile, in the metropole, the mounting costs of Weltpolitik fed into protracted fiscal debates. Repeated shortfalls in colonial revenues, combined with the naval race and colonial war outlays, drove tax battles and, by 1913, reluctant steps towards more centralised taxation. In parallel, the 1913 Citizenship Act further nationalised German citizenship. It reaffirmed and generalised earlier provisions for direct Reich citizenship, which had been developed in the colonial context to enable naturalisations outside the framework of the Reich’s constitutent states.

Mostly based on research done by others, this chapter goes through some of the important insights about antisemitism in the socialist and communist tradition and also looks briefly at their relationship to the early social democratic tradition on the Jewish Question. It starts by exploring the idea of the Jews as a symbol of huckstering, money and finance, as we find it in Marx’s thought, and continues by looking at the crucial developments in attitudes to Jews in the last three decades of the nineteenth century. Of particular interest is the influential thinking of Karl Kautsky, which laid much of the foundations for a Bolshevik synthesis of the idea of Jews and Zionism in a Marxist understanding of race and nation. Kautsky’s analysis of antisemitism and Zionism starts with a criticism of the concept of race. The Zionists wanted a state for the Jews because they felt that they would never be in a position to trust the solidarity of their proletarian comrades who were not Jews, an attitude that is a betrayal of Communist understanding of class and history.

Despite Bismarck’s reluctance towards overseas colonies, Germany joined the ranks of the colonial powers in the mid-1880s. Nonetheless, this chapter challenges the notion of a sudden reversal in Bismarck’s stance, showing instead that expansion overseas developed incrementally out of collective dynamics in the international arena that no single country could fully control. Missionaries, explorers, merchants, and lobby groups acted as political entrepreneurs, pressing for Reich protection and creating faits accomplis that governments struggled to ignore. Their initiatives also provoked conflicts with local societies and citizens of rival powers, triggering a self-reinforcing dynamic of competitive expansion. In this international environment, Bismarck’s cautious pragmatism gave way to step-by-step concessions. The chapter provides a detailed historical account of how the Reich came to place Adolf Lüderitz’s acquisitions in South West Africa under its protection, while also tracing parallel developments in West Africa. In this light, the emergence of Germany’s colonial empire appears less the result of deliberate design than an improvised response to dispersed initiatives by non-state actors and the international rivalries they set in motion.

The literature on the academic achievement of IA individuals is substantial. However, most of it focuses on achievement during the primary and secondary school years. Given the time span of the most intensive period of IA (as noted previously, the highest concentration occurred between the late 1980s and early 2000s), there is now a growing body of research that examines not only primary and secondary schooling but also entry into higher education and the labor market. Globally, IA peaked in 2004. Since most children adopted at that time were under the age of two, many of those adoptees are now adolescents or young adults. As a result, the number of IA youth currently enrolled in schools and higher education institutions in the US, Canada, and Europe is at an all-time high. Accordingly, this chapter will review both the “older” literature focused on primary and secondary school outcomes and the “emerging” literature on the post–high school academic achievement of IA youth.

The Macedonian dynasty, wonderfully rooted in murder, having been renewed by violence as a peaceful, orderly, administration, a soldier-emperor is installed: Constantine IX, the main subject of the Chronographia, and its potential stumbling block. To deal with his own self-division towards Constantine, Psellos creates an elaborate structure of genres and disciplines – panegyric and history, rhetoric and philosophy – and conflicting roles for himself, to dramatize an odi et amo in which the comic and the tragic infuse each other in continuously changing ways. The effect is exhilating, shocking, and ingeniously balanced, as Psellos sets the failure of an indirect rule by a philosopher (Kaldellis) and his own moral degeneration against the expansive power of panegyric vested in this emperor. For good artistic reasons, Psellos omits the patriarch Keroularios and his attack on Psellos’ orthodoxy, projecting his own displacement onto a highly fictional portrayal of another character. The reign of Theodora, however, is vitiated by his repressed anger with Keroularios, ranting against his proxies in her government. The two reigns exemplify the work’s uneven quality.

An important aspect of the developmental pathway for international adoptees involves issues of self-identification and the formation of a cultural–social identity. This chapter will review existing literature and highlight key challenges related to identity development among international adoptees. A major focus within this research is transracial adoption, which will also be discussed. Special attention will be given to practices aimed at fostering identity, including partial identification with the country of birth through linguistic and cultural connections.

The radicalization of Norwegian social democracy has led to a divergence from the positions held by trade unions and social democratic movements in neighboring Nordic countries. While the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (LO) has adopted increasingly critical stances towards Israel, calling for boycotts and using strong language to condemn Israeli policies, trade unions in Sweden, Denmark, and Finland have maintained more moderate positions. The chapter shows that the Norwegian approach is unique among Nordic countries. The close relationship between the LO and the Labor Party, formalized through institutions such as the Cooperation Committee, has allowed these radical positions to influence government policy. The analysis suggests that Norway’s radical stance on Israel and Palestine is not just a continuation of historical positions but represents a significant shift. This change has led to Norway being perceived as an outlier, not only among its Nordic neighbors but in a broader European context.

This chapter offers an overview of the book, outlining the emerging profile of strengths and vulnerabilities among international adoptees as a distinct subpopulation across ages, life stages, and cultural contexts. It also underscores the invaluable contributions this group has made – and continues to make – to research and theory on human development. In doing so, the chapter explores how adoption intersects with broader developmental processes, providing insights into resilience, identity formation, and adaptation in diverse environments. Finally, it identifies critical gaps in current knowledge and proposes directions for future research to deepen our understanding of this unique population.

Ritual and its linkage to meaning permeates human relations from households through complex state and inter-state organizations. As globally understood, religions and associate ritual creates common and opposing relationships of identify and meaning that motivate group formations from regional forager groups to imperial conquests. Religion, however, is not abstract and held only in human heads; it is manifest in ritual activities, objects, and labor contributions that link to an economic sector supporting religious activities, monumental construction, and personal engagement.