Chapter 7 reconstructs when post-Roman kings and their officials went to church and considers the significance of church membership in shaping their positions in post-imperial palaces. This is (unsurprisingly) much easier to do for Nicene as opposed to Homoian rulers. Prominent officials accompanied Nicene Burgundian and Merovingian kings to church. Brief glimpses of life in Homoian royal palaces imply the potential participation of Nicene courtiers at regular religious observances. It may be that officials were not expected to go to church with the king; concerns for religious accommodation may have shaped the character of these events and allowed Nicene officials to justify attendance. Those who served the king could also be subject to the local bishop. Yet two episodes of excommunication make clear that the ultimate judgement over the continued standing of royal officials—both in palace and church—remained with the king himself. Post-Roman bishops may have been keen to claim the presence of ‘our people’ in the palace (as Victor of Vita put it). Dependence on the king, commitment to legal procedure, and membership of this separate Christian community seems normally to have trumped the claims of church affiliations even when courtiers and bureaucrats interacted with clerics.

Chapter 5 is the last of three chapters to consider the material production of Dominican liturgical books. This chapter situates the context of the production of the three liturgical exemplars: Rome, Santa Sabina, XIV L 1; London, British Library, Add. 23935; and Salamanca, San Esteban, SAL.–CL.01. It examines the intersection between the Dominicans and the blossoming Parisian book trade, the pecia system of book production, and the relationship between the Dominicans at the Parisian convent of St-Jacques and their neighbouring book-maker, Guillaume de Sens. Close palaeographical and codicological study of the exemplars reveals certain guiding principles that governed the production, within which individual copyists and artists had the freedom to execute and manipulate the contents. Drawing together the three chapters of Part II, this chapter considers the interaction of the various book trades in the making of the exemplars, shedding light not only on the book-making practices of the Dominicans, but also the Parisian book trade more generally.

Complex fluids can be found all around us, from molten plastics to mayonnaise, and understanding their highly nonlinear dynamics is the subject of much research.

This text introduces a common theoretical framework for understanding and predicting the flow behavior of complex fluids. This framework allows for results including a qualitative understanding of the relationship between a fluid’s behavior at the microscale of particles or macromolecules, and its macroscopic, viscoelastic properties. The author uses a microstructural approach to derive constitutive theories that remain simple enough to allow computational predictions of complicated macroscale flows.

Readers develop their intuition to learn how to approach the description of materials not covered in the book, as well as limits such as higher concentrations that require computational methods for microstructural analysis.

This monograph’s unique breadth and depth make it a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students in fluid mechanics.

In his final years, American society finally punished Bieral for his violence, embracing the principle of the rule of law. His dismissal from the customs office and attempted assassination of Port Surveyor Hans Beattie led to imprisonment. The chapter examines his trial, insanity defense, and eventual pardon, contextualizing his downfall within the rise of civil service reform. Bieral’s family tragedies and his son’s criminal career underscored the generational consequences of a violent life, but he remained a popular figure. His death in a veterans’ home and burial in a national cemetery mark a quiet end to a tumultuous life. The chapter reflects on the cultural legacy of Bieral’s persona and the societal ambivalence toward violent masculinity.

This chapter argues for the role of collective cognition in creating Roman religious reality. Inauguratio, through which priests were created, was no empty orthopraxic ritual but a means of generating collective belief in order to create socio-religious status and power. Ideally, when Romans judged the ritual of inauguratio efficacious, they collectively believed that Jupiter had sent auspicial signs approving a candidate and that the candidate was therefore a priest. Collective belief was what made the priest a priest, with all the powers and duties concomitant with that status. But the Romans were typically blind to the collective-intentional nature of their social reality. Thus the standard Roman explanation of inauguratio mystifies sacerdotal ontology, holding that priests were priests as a result of Jupiter’s nod. Constitutive beliefs are distinguished from non-constitutive, merely religious beliefs. The Romans’ collectively held constitutive beliefs about sacerdotal status and power actually constituted priests as priests. Although Jupiter’s agency could not be constituted by Roman collective belief, it was a genuine religious belief and part of Roman conceptions of the basis of sacerdotal authority.

An introduction to morphology or the structure of words, discussing the difference between words and morphemes, allomorphy, affixation, compounding, other word formation processes such as clipping, blending, acronyms, and initialisms, idioms, reduplication, genericization, and the humorous use of homophones, homographs, and misheard forms.

Chapter 3 considers how evolving demands for uniformity fit into the cultural norms of political institutions in late antiquity. It uses reports on (supposed) pagans, heretics, Jews, and Samaritans in service to sketch out the contours of those demands in practice. While these exemplary stories cannot be used to substantiate the presence of these groups in administration, they can help us understand when and why the perceived divergence of a ruler’s subordinates from his version of correct religion mattered. Their continued service is, in part, a reflection of the continued capacity of rulers and their subordinates to put requirements for religious uniformity to one side. This chapter argues that it was also a result of the precise framing of those requirements. Late ancient laws tended to portray orthodox Christian officials as necessary to ensure laws on correct religion were enforced. It is easy to see how those heterodox officials willing to uphold a Christian political dispensation could continue to serve in political institutions. In that sense, the appointments of non-Christians and heretics should be seen, not as a breach of requirements for uniformity, but a product of their specific contours.

Complex fluids can be found all around us, from molten plastics to mayonnaise, and understanding their highly nonlinear dynamics is the subject of much research.

This text introduces a common theoretical framework for understanding and predicting the flow behavior of complex fluids. This framework allows for results including a qualitative understanding of the relationship between a fluid’s behavior at the microscale of particles or macromolecules, and its macroscopic, viscoelastic properties. The author uses a microstructural approach to derive constitutive theories that remain simple enough to allow computational predictions of complicated macroscale flows.

Readers develop their intuition to learn how to approach the description of materials not covered in the book, as well as limits such as higher concentrations that require computational methods for microstructural analysis.

This monograph’s unique breadth and depth make it a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students in fluid mechanics.

Compares Stanford and UC Berkeley to illustrate how dynamic capabilities shape institutional trajectories. Examines differences in governance, funding, culture, and leadership. Highlights how Stanford’s proactive engagement with industry led to its rise, while Berkeley’s slower adoption of entrepreneurial practices posed challenges.

This chapter examines the United Nations system, its purposes and principles in the light of the UN Charter. The organs of the UN are analysed, covering the role and composition of the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and the UN Secretariat. The UN’s judicial organ, the International Court of Justice, was examined in the previous chapter. The functions of the UN and its organs with regard to the peaceful settlement of disputes are considered, including the various peacekeeping missions. This is followed by an examination of the collective security system by the Security Council and General Assembly, including a consideration of measures not involving the use of force, such as the imposition of sanctions, and measures involving the use of force under Chapter VII of the Charter. The doctrine of responsibility to protect and humanitarian intervention by the UN is examined, followed by a look at practice concerning the various UN operations involving the use of force in non-enforcement situations. The chapter then examines the relationship between the UN and regional arrangements and agencies.