As society continues to change, so, too, has the nature of social connections between people. This chapter, however, focuses on one relationship immutable: that people often maintain committed involvements with particular others. We begin by situating and defining relationship commitment within a modern social context. We review historical and current theoretical models of commitment, including coverage of hypothesized antecedents, emphasizing empirical findings on precursors of commitment since the last edition of the Handbook. We then turn to reviewing research on hypothesized consequences of commitment, again emphasizing empirical findings since the last edition. Recent research considering racial, ethnic, and cultural variations in commitment is also reviewed. We conclude the chapter by offering possible future directions for commitment research.

Chapter 5 argues that Hegel’s interest in the Concept Logic is to determine when a concept and its object are in a “true” or fully unified relation. This requires developing both the least adequate logical relation of concept to object, which he calls judgment, and the most adequate such form, which is the syllogistic form of teleology. For Hegel, what best corresponds to its concept is what is conceptually constituted. And Hegel’s model for conceptual constitution is a teleological process governed by some universal. It is argued that the Teleology chapter of the Logic does not reject the artifactual model for teleology but in fact embraces it, for the teleology of artifacts requires that an intention come “first” in the construction of its object. Artifactual teleology shows in a concrete way how the moments of conceptual form can be unified in the objective domain.

This Chapter will provide a detailed examination of IHL’s threshold of termination and is comprised of five substantive sections. The first section explores the temporal architecture of Common Article 3 (CA3) and Additional Protocol II (APII) to determine what, if anything, conventional IHL has to say about is threshold of termination during NIAC. The second section unpacks and critically examines four doctrinal approaches for determining the temporal scope of IHL during NIAC: the ‘peaceful settlement’ approach, the ‘lasting pacification’ approach, the ‘two-way ratchet’ theory, and the ‘human rights law’ approach. While each of these approaches possess certain advantages and limitations, it is argued that none produce entirely satisfactory results. For this reason, the third section revisits the logic that underpins and informs the theory and practice of IHL’s temporal scope during NIAC. Following from this analysis, the fourth  section proposes an alternative ‘functional approach for determining IHL’s threshold of termination during NIAC, and demonstrates the utility of the ‘functional approach’ over existing approaches by exploring its practical application to specific examples from the hostilities regime and the protections regime during NIAC.

This case presents a simulated scenario of a bioterrorism attack involving the deliberate release of Francisella tularensis (tularemia) in rural farming communities. The scenario challenges participants to manage an overwhelming influx of patients presenting to a rural hospital’s emergency department with varying symptoms of tularemia, including ulceroglandular disease, pneumonia, and sepsis. The hospital faces severe limitations in critical care resources, such as ventilators and ICU beds, requiring a transition from conventional to crisis-level care. Participants are tasked with diagnosing tularemia without on-site diagnostic tools, stabilizing patients, and utilizing emergency management resources, such as the hospital incident command system (HICS). The scenario also emphasizes the need for effective communication with public health agencies, the recognition of a bioterrorism event, and ethical decision-making in allocating scarce resources. Additionally, participants must navigate the complexities of national emergency preparedness and response systems to mitigate the impact of the attack on healthcare operations.

This chapter is a review of evidence-based relationship education (RE), meaning education to promote healthy couple relationships whose content is informed by the psychology of intimate relationships, and evaluated in methodologically rigorous trials. We describe two broad approaches to RE and their theoretical underpinnings: assessment with feedback and curriculum-based RE. The chapter analyses how RE can be tailored for different stages of the family life cycle and made easily accessible by using different modes of delivery (e.g., face-to-face, online, and via apps on smart devices). The effectiveness of RE approaches and the factors influencing RE effects are summarized via an umbrella review of recent meta-analyses of outcome research. We conclude that future directions for research and practice should include expanding the diversity of RE theory and content to address diversity in culture, life circumstances, and gender diversity of couple relationships; and extending the reach of RE.

Vienna enjoys particularly high esteem as a city of music, a reputation that emerged long ago and still holds true today. This chapter considers the Viennese institutions focused on music as a prime generator of the frequent and the frequently high level of musical activity, discussing inter alia churches, the Tonkünstler-Societät, the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde, the Vienna Philharmonic and twentieth-century institutions such as the Wiener Konzertverein and the Vienna Symphony Orchestra.

Chapter 7 is the first of seven chapters on store atmospherics. The term indicates that the atmosphere is under the retailer’s control, and it is an idea that has been researched for over 50 years. Most research studies on store atmospherics rely on the Mehrabian−Russell model (the M-R-model). The M-R model is a stimulus-organism-response model. That is, it looks at the effect of a stimulus (e.g., the store environment) on the shoppers; emotions that in turn influence shopper behaviour. The effect on the shopper behaviour is indirect since behaviour is altered only as a consequence of the shoppers' shifted emotions. A common way to measure emotions is to use the pleasure, arousal, and dominance (PAD) scale. In a next step, a common way to measure the behavioural outcome is to estimate shoppers' approach/avoidance in terms of how much time and money they spend as well as whether they try to approach or avoid others in the store. Pleasure is typically found to correlate with higher spending. Arousal is often found to amplify positive/negative emotions. Some studies have found support for an optimal level of stimulation where too little arousal leads to shoppers spending less because they are not sufficiently aroused, while too much stimulation also has a negative effect on the shopper’s behaviour.

Chapter 2 examines changes in colonial mercy proceedings from the late 1940s to the 1960s, and the tensions that arose between decolonisation and British involvement in determining the fate of condemned prisoners. These tensions were apparent in cases from British Guiana, Malaya and Kenya, among others, but in the immediate aftermath of British abolition they were especially pronounced in the Bahamas, which had a constitutionally advanced system of internal self-government and where, in 1968, British ministers prevented the execution of two prisoners whom locally elected political leaders and the governor had decided should hang. Analysis of these cases reveals the dynamics of death penalty culture and political debates in the Bahamas and demonstrates that Britain could not divorce itself from the ramifications of colonial capital cases, even as successive British governments remained formally committed to the Creech Jones doctrine that they should not interfere in determining the fate of condemned prisoners.

This chapter discusses the problematic but ubiquitous attempts by nineteenth-century linguists to map languages onto language areas and to map states onto those. Languages occupy an uneasy scalar position between dialects and language families: ‘splitters’ will concede an independent status to smaller variants, ‘lumpers’ will group all these variants together into greater wholes. By the same logic, sometimes small language areas are seen as the separate territorial footprints of independent language groups justifying their separate nationhood, while others might claim those areas as part of a larger national whole, as in the case of German expansionism vis-à-vis Schleswig-Holstein and the Low Countries. This chapter discusses the uneasy scalar taxonomy of the Slavic language family as treated by ‘lumping’ pan-Slavic and ‘splitting’ separatist tendencies. The macronationalism of language families constituted a support network for separate national movements in various countries (as in the case of pan-Celticism or pan-Slavism). Macronationalism could also shade into a racial logic for ethnolinguistic macro-groups such as the speakers of Germanic, Indo-European or putative ‘Turanian’ languages.

People enact meaningful personal relationships using communication technologies. The current chapter overviews how technology and personal relationships are intertwined. The perspective of the chapter is centered on how people relate via technologies while recognizing the importance of understanding the technologies themselves and how they are used. The chapter has three main sections. The first examines how communication technologies are integral to relational communication across the course of relationships, and the second considers factors that shape the nature and impact of relational communication occurring via technologies. The third section focuses on both relationships and technologies by considering the contemporary notion of mixed-media relationships, which are enacted via multiple channels, often simultaneously. Finally, the conclusion of the chapter elucidates some key complexities and their implications for future research and theory, including the need to consider both technologies and messages simultaneously and the challenges of analyzing multimodal communication in relationships.

A patient on clozapine has an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of 1200. What do the prescribing guidelines recommend as the next step?

What is the most common type of violence in forensic hospital settings?