An introduction to morphology or the structure of words, discussing the difference between words and morphemes, allomorphy, affixation, compounding, other word formation processes such as clipping, blending, acronyms, and initialisms, idioms, reduplication, genericization, and the humorous use of homophones, homographs, and misheard forms.

Chapter 3 considers how evolving demands for uniformity fit into the cultural norms of political institutions in late antiquity. It uses reports on (supposed) pagans, heretics, Jews, and Samaritans in service to sketch out the contours of those demands in practice. While these exemplary stories cannot be used to substantiate the presence of these groups in administration, they can help us understand when and why the perceived divergence of a ruler’s subordinates from his version of correct religion mattered. Their continued service is, in part, a reflection of the continued capacity of rulers and their subordinates to put requirements for religious uniformity to one side. This chapter argues that it was also a result of the precise framing of those requirements. Late ancient laws tended to portray orthodox Christian officials as necessary to ensure laws on correct religion were enforced. It is easy to see how those heterodox officials willing to uphold a Christian political dispensation could continue to serve in political institutions. In that sense, the appointments of non-Christians and heretics should be seen, not as a breach of requirements for uniformity, but a product of their specific contours.

Complex fluids can be found all around us, from molten plastics to mayonnaise, and understanding their highly nonlinear dynamics is the subject of much research.

This text introduces a common theoretical framework for understanding and predicting the flow behavior of complex fluids. This framework allows for results including a qualitative understanding of the relationship between a fluid’s behavior at the microscale of particles or macromolecules, and its macroscopic, viscoelastic properties. The author uses a microstructural approach to derive constitutive theories that remain simple enough to allow computational predictions of complicated macroscale flows.

Readers develop their intuition to learn how to approach the description of materials not covered in the book, as well as limits such as higher concentrations that require computational methods for microstructural analysis.

This monograph’s unique breadth and depth make it a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students in fluid mechanics.

Compares Stanford and UC Berkeley to illustrate how dynamic capabilities shape institutional trajectories. Examines differences in governance, funding, culture, and leadership. Highlights how Stanford’s proactive engagement with industry led to its rise, while Berkeley’s slower adoption of entrepreneurial practices posed challenges.

This chapter examines the United Nations system, its purposes and principles in the light of the UN Charter. The organs of the UN are analysed, covering the role and composition of the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and the UN Secretariat. The UN’s judicial organ, the International Court of Justice, was examined in the previous chapter. The functions of the UN and its organs with regard to the peaceful settlement of disputes are considered, including the various peacekeeping missions. This is followed by an examination of the collective security system by the Security Council and General Assembly, including a consideration of measures not involving the use of force, such as the imposition of sanctions, and measures involving the use of force under Chapter VII of the Charter. The doctrine of responsibility to protect and humanitarian intervention by the UN is examined, followed by a look at practice concerning the various UN operations involving the use of force in non-enforcement situations. The chapter then examines the relationship between the UN and regional arrangements and agencies.

The key algebraic invariants for our purposes are the fundamental groups of the spaces involved, the torsion linking pairing on the 3-manifold and the Euler characteristic of the complementary regions. In this chapter we shall review the basic constraints on these invariants and describe the construction by 0-framed surgery on bipartitedly slice links, from which many of our examples derive.

Settling in Boston’s North End, Bieral became a “fancy man” in the city’s brothels, embodying the violent masculinity of urban vice culture. His relationship with Mary Anne McAllister, culminating in her suspicious death, reveals the precarious lives of sex workers and the impunity of their male protectors. The chapter examines Boston’s tolerance for nonlethal violence and the legal leniency afforded to men like Bieral. His involvement in extortion, political intimidation, and brothel management illustrates the blurred lines between public service and criminal enterprise. Bieral’s rise in the underworld reflects the societal valorization of aggression and the limited protections for marginalized women.

This chapter first situates our field with reference to discussions around the numerous “turns” in applied linguistics and SLA, e.g., social, multilingual, decolonial and racial. While the time seems ripe for transdisciplinary SLA pursuits because of facilitative conditions created by the open science and the slow science movements, for instance, there are also obstacles including the neoliberal management structure in academia which can challenge such undertakings. The chapter provides some pointers for how transdisciplinary research can be conducted. Reflecting on transdisciplinarity can stimulate the rethinking of a monolithic conceptualization of language, the reexamination of the monolingual basis against which development and success are measured and the interrogation of the nature of multilingual competence. Moreover, working transdisciplinarily can potentially help better serve the users we need to serve and mitigate against the misapplication or misinterpretation of our findings. Importantly, as a field that sits on and benefits from intersections (e.g., between languages, cultures, experiences), the chapter argues that SLA researchers have a moral and ethical duty to try to alleviate the plight and tackle injustice that some of our learners and participants are subject to in their contexts.

This chapter examines the mounting unease regarding the project of public education. By the mid-1960s, technocratic, Afrocentric, and Marxist critiques articulated a growing sense of worldwide educational crisis. These critiques presented differently in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire, but in both countries popular frustrations were palpable. In response, both states attempted to reform public schooling: by introducing manual training in Ghanaian middle schools and television sets in Ivorian primary schools. Both reforms failed spectacularly, ultimately confirming the state’s abdication of its promise that education would lead to a better future for all. Public education systems crumbled along with public faith in the state, creating space for the privatization of education. The erosion of the anticolonial development ideology helped pave the way for neoliberalism to take root.