To save content items to your account,
please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies.
If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account.
Find out more about saving content to .
To save content items to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org
is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings
on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part
of your Kindle email address below.
Find out more about saving to your Kindle.
Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations.
‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi.
‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.
The invention of paper currency marked a watershed in global financial history. In this deeply researched study, Richard von Glahn explains why paper money first arose in China rather than any other part of the world – and why it ultimately failed. Although paper money achieved notable success during the Song and Yuan dynasties, it collapsed under the very different principles of political economy adopted by the Ming. In the first English-language examination of the rise and demise of paper money, von Glahn argues that the answer lies in China's unique monetary system and political economy, introducing readers to the eleventh-century origins of paper money in China, the principles of Chinese monetary theory, China's bronze coin monetary standard and specific forms of fiscal governance. This is not only an essential introduction to Chinese monetary history, but a major contribution to global economic history.
How is it possible that economists generally fail to foresee recession, yet forecasting has never lost its appeal and importance? Using a combination of published scientific and technical literature, newspaper articles as well as archival material from thirty-three research sites in six countries, Tools of Trust looks for an answer to this question. It tells the history of business forecasting in the twentieth century, tracing the emergence and fundamental transformations of forecasting techniques and their role in economic and political decision-making. It investigates how the role of business forecasting has changed and how this has transformed economic and political decision-making. Offering a nuanced understanding of the crucial role forecasting plays in managing economic uncertainty, this book examines how unforeseen economic crises have paradoxically reinforced the importance of forecasting, turning it into an indispensable tool to reduce economic uncertainty and stabilize the capitalist order.
The worldwide return of nationalist and authoritarian ideologies calls for examination of its prior manifestations and spread. This Element examines the appropriation of Italian Fascism and its project of a corporative state during the 'Vargas Era' in Brazil (1930–1945), which launched Brazil into twentieth-century modernity. Though influenced by the 'transnational' and 'transatlantic' circulation of fascist ideology, emblematic of modernity at the time, Vargas and his collaborators' project of nacional-desenvolvimentismo incorporated the Italian Carta del Lavoro, shorn of its totalitarian framework, into comprehensive social legislation to respond to the challenges of modernization and the rise of mass society. It is reductive to speak of the Brazilian project as a 'copy' tout court of Fascist corporatism, because the rigid statist dirigisme of the Italian model was adapted to a particular national project, which guaranteed certain fundamental social rights and adapted corporatism in a context different from Italy between the World Wars.
This Element proposes a novel perspective on the palingenetic core of fascism as the foundation for a new understanding of fascism as political faith. It explores the multiple genealogies of the fascist palingenetic historical ideology of national salvation through violent cleansing, focusing on the link among eighteenth-century social palingenesis, Romantic messianic nationalism, and interwar fascism. It unpacks palingenesis as a basic concept – the very core of the fascist salvific faith – and other key concepts that are part of its semantic net. Scrutinizing a variety of case studies, it shows that fascist movements drew on a broad spectrum of ancient, Christian, alchemical, Romantic, and occultist regenerative myths, relating to individual and collective identities. The Element argues that fascists imbued palingenesis with unprecedented radicalism by implementing new forms of dark palingenesis, culminating in the Holocaust as a transnational fascist project. It also highlights neofascist discourses and practices of violent redemption emerging worldwide.
This Element explores the developmental implications of Southeast Asia's participation in global value chains (GVCs), focusing on the coffee, textile and clothing, and automotive sectors. While GVC integration has supported industrialisation, exports, and employment, the benefits are not guaranteed. Southeast Asian countries, except for a few cases, remain confined to low-value-added activities, with limited innovation, weak support for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and persistent inequality. Sectoral case studies reveal barriers to upgrading: smallholder coffee farmers face institutional and coordination challenges; textile and clothing producers in Cambodia and Myanmar are stuck in low-skill roles; and domestic automotive firms struggle to move beyond assembly. The Element calls for a shift from passive participation to active upgrading through stronger innovation systems, SME support, social and environmental standards, and deeper regional cooperation. It concludes that GVCs can promote inclusive and sustainable growth-but only when embedded in deliberate national and regional strategies.
The material and visual culture of late precolonial Andean societies-especially the Inka Empire-looked radically different from their predecessors. For millennia, the iconography of the ancient Andes was dominated by warriors, sacrificial rites, apex predators and chimerical beings whose bodies were amalgamations of multiple human and animal species. Yet by AD 1000, these images had almost entirely vanished. This study offers the first ever analysis of these dramatic transformations. Far more than simply a change of aesthetic preferences, or even a shift in ideology, it posits a series of metaphysical revolutions in which Andean sociality was fundamentally altered. The basis of personhood, the creation of value and the nature of political power itself all came to be refigured in far-reaching ways. Specifically, a once-dominant metaphysics focused on the predatory extraction of vitality from enemies disappeared, to be replaced by one grounded in reciprocal exchanges between human and nonhuman beings.
This Element examines Secular Stagnation in the USA and responds to a recognised need for greater conceptual precision and analytical clarity regarding its nature and economic implications. Revisiting the contemporary economic debate, I propose a coherent reconceptualisation of Secular Stagnation grounded in long-run descriptive empirical evidence and an evolutionary theoretical framework. The analysis shows that stagnation should not be understood as a mere shortage of innovation or a transitory macroeconomic imbalance, but as a structural outcome of the interaction between technological change, demand dynamics, and selection mechanisms. Finally, I discuss how recent advances in automation technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), may either mitigate or reinforce Secular Stagnation, depending on how innovation policies and institutional settings shape the direction and diffusion of technological change in the US economy.
This element describes an emerging and intriguing topic: computational indeterminacy. Indeterminacy occurs when a fixed physical system potentially computes several different functions, and there is no fact of the matter which of these is actually being computed by the system. The phenomenon of computational indeterminacy has potential significance for a number of fields, including neuroscience and cognitive science, artificial intelligence (AI), the theory of algorithms, and circuit design. Here we address foundational and philosophical issues. We also explain how the indeterminacy phenomenon impacts on current thinking about the nature of physical computation. Computational indeterminacy is the subject of a growing number of articles in specialist journals, and The Indeterminacy of Computation introduces the topic to a wider audience. The style is clear and informal, with many helpful diagrams. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
In 2013 and the years that followed, a series of attacks unfolded across India, Pakistan and Bangladesh – attributed to militant Hindu nationalist, Islamist, and sometimes complicit state actors – targeting irreligious dissenters. These included the murder of rationalist leader Narendra Dabholkar in India, the machete attacks on 'atheist bloggers' in Bangladesh, and the death sentence imposed on academic Junaid Hafeez in Pakistan. Amid a vast literature on Hindutva, militant Islam, communal politics and the legal regimes that surround them, Dissentiments approaches these dynamics from a distinctive angle: their fraught and sometimes violent relationship with people labelled as non-religious. Drawing on extensive ethnographic research in Bangladesh, Pakistan, India and Europe, it examines how these individuals navigate the risks of public expression where religion remains intertwined with nationalism and political authority, and perspectives on how non-religious critique becomes both vulnerable and politically productive. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
The Silent Rebellion tells a history of labour subjectivity formation at the site of education and the defiance of labouring subalterns who refused to see themselves solely as labouring bodies in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It does so by focusing on the hitherto neglected social histories of nonelite education: industrial, technical, factory, and night schools. On the one hand, the book examines how elites-encompassing colonial officials, employers, and dominant castes-integrated caste labour into their modern projects of industrial and technical education, thereby reproducing labouring conditions, subjectivities, and the caste social order. On the other hand, the book reveals how labouring subalterns-artisans, factory workers, and service-industry workers-used education to rebel against their 'pre-destined' labouring fate. Focusing on their demands for literary education, experiences of reading, and becoming teachers, clerks, and poets, the book develops new analytical frameworks for writing nonwork histories of working lives.
Attunement to Others explores how contemporary Indian fiction engages with the crises of the Anthropocene through narrative practices of relationality and care. Reading the works of Arundhati Roy, Nilanjana Roy, Amitav Ghosh, Vandana Singh, Avinuo Kire, and Janice Pariat, Amit R. Baishya shows how these texts register the Anthropocene not as a singular rupture, but as a 'polycrisis' marked by ecological, political, and affective entanglements. Drawing on postcolonial ecocriticism, affect theory, and the environmental humanities, the book examines how acts of attunement-moments of listening to and sensing nonhuman others—shape ethical imaginaries and alternative ways of being. Rather than offering escapist or utopian visions, these fictions reveal how attunement emerges through grounded, affective practices of cohabitation, survival, and resistance on a damaged planet. In doing so, Attunement to Others contributes to interdisciplinary conversations on literary form, planetary crisis, and the nonhuman turn in postcolonial studies.
To mark the 75th year of India's birth as a republic, Knowledge/Nation brings together reflections on how the social sciences and allied interdisciplinary fields have evolved in the country, and where we can go from here. It explores how India has figured as an object of knowledge and a site of critical reflection in the last hundred years. The volume presents wide coverage – not only narrating the evolution of history, politics, economics, literature etc. in context of changing democratic debates but also asks difficult questions, such as why religious studies never came centre-stage in the academy even though religion remained salient in public debates, how gender studies, film studies and Dalit studies emerged out of demands from outside the academy and whether environmental studies can be framed by the nation at all, given the planetary-scale of the climate crisis. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
In the first half of the twentieth century, Asia's colonial trade, commerce, and enterprise pivoted on five cities- Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, Calcutta, and Bombay. Today, among these, only Calcutta no longer plays a significant role in the Asian or global economy. Why? This book answers this question by investigating how Calcutta's British and Indian businesses have engaged with the city's infrastructural and economic challenges. It throws up a startling result: through the first seven decades of twentieth century, Calcutta's businesses, in contrast to their counterparts elsewhere, staunchly resisted several measures that intended to update and improve the city's infrastructure. It is this resistance, Agents of Inertia argues, that led to Calcutta's postcolonial urban crisis and contributed to capital- flight and economic decline. One of the first full-length monographs on Calcutta's postcolonial urban-economic decline, it shows how big businesses not only make but can also break a city's fortunes.
Sexually Liminal Lives follows the intimate, domestic, and working lives of the Chiyawali kotis, and of the wives (niharins), lovers (giriyas), and kin who sustain them. For the Chiyawali kotis, it is not a stopover on the way to coming out but a space they actively navigate to build kinship, access welfare, and secure life chances. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in Eastern India, this book reconceptualises the closet in South Asia, and develops an account of sexual liminality, treating liminality not as a failure to arrive at a stable identity but as a calculated way of living. It engages with queer theory, the anthropology of kinship, postcolonial and South Asian studies simultaneously, reframing debates and discourse on queer sexual citizenship in the Global South.
This book is designed for undergraduates and graduates pursuing studies in materials science, nanoscience and nanotechnology, and solid-state physics. It brings bulk silicon and nanomaterial graphene face-to-face in a comprehensive exploration of their distinct physical properties and transformative potential. By examining how these materials behave at different scales, it bridges the gap between fundamental science and potential of cutting-edge applications. The text begins with fundamental principles of silicon and graphene in thermal equilibrium. It proceeds further to cover lattice defects, thermal, electrical, and optical properties of these materials. It highlights how the physics of materials undergo a transformation when one moves from the study of three dimension structure of silicon to the two-dimensional structure of graphene. Each chapter incorporates updated insights on graphene's evolution over time. Silicon's limitations are critically examined while graphene's rise as a game-changer is showcased, thus emphasizing its capacity to revolutionize various industries.
Becoming Agarwal shows how a close-knit elite mercantile caste is reproduced as a privileged urban player in 'new' Hindu India. At this historical juncture, the baniya community is at the helm of not only economic but also political power. Drawing on in-depth interviews with ninety-one interlocutors, analysis of the oldest Hindi newsletter produced in Delhi over two decades, and ethnographic observations made over four years, the book shows the gendered and generational roles undertaken by women and men in self-making in neoliberal India. Elite men through their activities in the caste associations and philanthropy produce a moral and empowering narrative of belonging across class, while older women as mothers and mothers-in-law play regulatory roles within families to co-opt and refashion the desires of a younger generation of women. These desires have the potential to disrupt the reproduction of the caste group, and yet, are craftily absorbed.
This book is an attempt at highlighting the intellectual and cultural history of British imperial knowledge production in late-nineteenth-century India, examined through the life and writings of William Wilson Hunter (1840–1900). Tracing Hunter's role as an imperial bureaucrat, historian, and publicist, the book explores how his works sought to shape colonial governance through structured information systems and a rhetoric of 'improvement'; an intellectual enterprise that drew the interests of contemporary stalwarts across the continents, such as Rabindranath Tagore and Charles Darwin. It also examines how Bengali intellectuals, such as Rabindranath Tagore, Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay and others engaged with and contested Hunter's ideas, opening up new directions in nationalist thought and historiography. It strives to offer a new outlook on the mutual entanglements of empire and knowledge, and the political life of texts in colonial Bengal.
Rammohun Roy (1774–1833) has been variously celebrated–or critiqued–as the 'Father of Modern India', 'the Erasmus of India', the first embodiment of the Bengal Renaissance under British rule, or, indeed, as the first modern Indian intellectual whose dilemmas revealed (to later analysts) the constraints of a colonial formation of politics and economy. He agitated for the freedom of the press, argued against the practice of sati, fought for the Hindu widow's right to inherit property, founded a religious organisation (the Brahmo Samaj) based on Unitarian principles, and gave evidence on Indian issues to the British parliament in 1831. He has been acknowledged as one of the progenitors of modern Bengali prose. His international reputation was unprecedented – much admired in America, he was feted in Britain and France, and the Spanish Constitution of Cádiz was dedicated to him. The Cambridge Companion to Rammohun Roy offers a revaluation of Rammohun's life and work through fresh readings of his life and legacy. It also aims to present a global connected history of modern thought in the early nineteenth century, prioritising local sources in both the English press and Bengali-language publications that were so far unexplored.
The book offers a rich historical study of goods and commodities in modern India, focusing on three iconic objects, namely the Godrej Storwel, the office chair, and the refrigerator. It pays close attention to the larger material context in which manufacturing experiments were undertaken by a premier business house, namely Godrej & Boyce, whose goods became household names, and were sought after by an emerging middle class. It simultaneously documents and analyses the emergence and success of a business firm over time, through a period of chronic shortages, government oversight, and a narrow consumer base that changed with liberalization in the 1990s. It makes a strong pitch for a careful and critical reading of business archives and demonstrates how these can be deployed to write a nuanced history of production and consumption.