Chapter 8 considers a radically different version of the dynamic explored in chs 6-7: the relationships between provincial governors and Christian communities across the Mediterranean world. For much of this period, these governors were outsiders with short terms of office, who relied heavily on resident office staffs and local grandees. Recent revisionist work on the Christianization of the Roman world has thus stressed the tendency of provincial appointees to prioritise those local elite interests over the demands of bishops and ascetics in the context of religious conflict. As Brent Shaw has put it, the governor could ‘give rather short shrift to a person whom they thought had no standing to intervene in the running of the state affairs over which they had authority’ (Shaw 2015, 58). In this chapter, I seek to modify this picture by suggesting that membership of the church and relationships with provincial Christian communities, institutions, and authority figures played a more significant role for governors than has been appreciated. In this sense, bishops and ascetics were, in fact, amongst the local interest groups whose collaboration these Christian appointees had to pursue.

This chapter examines the concept of recognition. It discusses the recognition of states in the light of the competing constitutive and declaratory theories and the differing views taken by states, together with the consequences of non-recognition internationally. This is followed by a reference to the recognition of governments in the light of doctrine and practice. Various kinds of recognition from de jure and de facto to premature, implied and collective recognition are noted as well as the withdrawal of recognition. The concept of non-recognition is referenced. The chapter then turns to the legal effects of recognition, both internationally and internally, including the relevance of state immunity and standing. UK practice is examined in the light of extensive case law. The chapter turns to US practice concerning the legal effects of recognition or non-recognition.

The class of Seifert manifolds is in many respects well understood, and has a natural parametrization in terms of Seifert data, and so we might expect criteria for embedding in terms of such data. We first review the notion of Seifert manifold and Seifert invariants. In this chapter we shall consider orientable Seifert manifolds which are Seifert fibred over orientable base orbifolds.

Opening Part III of this book, Chapter 7 introduces the method of Crossdisciplinary Analysis, a form of qualitative research for evaluating the fit of pedagogical practices to the genres approach. The premise is that if instruction succeeds in promoting learning, it does so in accordance with (at least) one of the three genres of teaching for skills, for concepts, or for cultural practices. We evaluate the lesson by examining it independently through these three pedagogical lenses, checking for balance and coherence if multiple learning agendas are present. Used prospectively with anticipated instructional scenarios, Crossdisciplinary Analysis is the heart of instructional planning, ensuring that lessons are coherently organized to achieve their learning intentions. Used retrospectively, it is a way to evaluate the efficacy of existing pedagogy. Retrospective analysis is undertaken in the next chapter. The method is illustrated with analysis of Skinner’s Programmed Instruction.

This chapter offers readers a transparent view into the research methodology used to investigate mathematics anxiety and assess the impact of a targeted pedagogical intervention on students’ reported anxiety and attitudes towards statistics and quantitative research methods. It provides a detailed account of the research participants, ethical considerations, and the multi-mixed methods approach employed. The chapter also critiques the validity, reliability, and trustworthiness of the research design and findings, ensuring methodological rigour. A candid discussion of the study’s limitations further strengthens its credibility. It is an essential reading for educators, researchers, and anyone committed to evidence-based improvements in mathematics education.

Contemporary analytic philosophers of religion have tended to focus attention on epistemological questions about the grounds for religious belief, or on analysing the precise cognitive content of claims about God. But there is reason to suppose that the actual practice of religion depends less on intellectual inquiries of this sort and more on a lived tradition of observance, including participation in various kinds of ritual, and public and private acts of worship. This chapter, drawing on some attitudes manifest in the poetry of Horace, examines what may have been a prevalent approach to religion in the educated Roman world, involving conformity to religious praxis, combined with an ironic or sceptical attitude to the existence of supernatural forces, or the power or influence of the gods, in human affairs. Such an attitude certainly has its counterpart in our own contemporary culture, but it is argued that such a stance inevitably creates a certain psychological dissonance in the religious practitioner. Detached orthopraxy alone cannot satisfy our deepest human needs. The chapter concludes with reflections on the intimate relation between praxis and belief in matters of religion.

This chapter provides comprehensive guidance on the critical final stages of manuscript preparation, focusing on the iterative processes of proofreading, revising, and editing academic papers. It outlines systematic approaches for improving manuscript clarity, coherence, and technical accuracy at multiple levels – from broad structural concerns to fine-grained language details. Additionally, it covers crucial aspects of the publication process, from selecting appropriate journals to handling reviewer comments and managing final proof edits. The chapter concludes with valuable insights on maintaining persistence through the publication process while acknowledging that rejection can be part of pursuing innovative research.

An assessment of the metal tools available for working wood and stonework contributes tangible evidence to overarching questions about Mycenaean construction and significantly augments previous publications on Mycenaean tools. Implement patterns raise questions about tool availability, artisan status and mobility, and the administrative oversight of stonework.

This chapter explores Bieral’s ascent in Boston’s sporting world, particularly in boxing and gambling. As a pugilist and promoter, he gained notoriety and respect among working-class men, leveraging his physical prowess and entrepreneurial acumen. The narrative situates prizefighting within a broader culture of honor and individualism, where violence served as both entertainment and social currency. Bieral’s transition from fighter to promoter and casino operator marks his evolution into a figure of influence. The chapter underscores the role of sport in legitimizing urban masculinity and the economic structures that sustained vice industries, revealing how athletic fame often overlapped with criminality.

This chapter provides an overview of major theoretical approaches to morphosyntax in second language acquisition. The chapter starts with an overview of major data collection measures that are used to study morphosyntactic phenomena, including production data, judgment data, and online tasks, self-paced reading in particular. The applications and limitations of the different data collection measures are addressed. The chapter subsequently considers the debate between representational deficit approaches vs. missing surface inflection approaches to difficulties with inflectional morphology in the second language, examining these approaches in the domain of verbal inflection. The chapter then moves on to approaches that consider feature reassembly and morphological (in)congruency and discusses studies in these two frameworks in the domain of number marking on nominals. The chapter concludes with a summary and suggestions for future research.

The poverty of the stimulus in the domain of language refers to the gap between the knowledge of grammar attained and the knowledge that could be deduced on the basis of the available linguistic input. Within the Generative Enterprise, the notion of the poverty of the stimulus plays a critical role in the motivation for positing Universal Grammar, a set of innate cognitive principles restricting the range of possible human grammars. This chapter first considers the poverty of the stimulus in the acquisition of native language and then turns to the poverty of the stimulus in the acquisition of nonnative language; both sections review a number of empirical studies documenting language acquisition under conditions of a poverty of the stimulus. For nonnative language, examples are drawn from research on morphosyntax, the syntax-semantics interface, and phonology. These studies reveal that nonnative learners (can) come to acquire subtle linguistic properties which could not be deduced (i) from their native-language grammar, (ii) from the Target Language input available to them or (iii) from classroom instruction.

Complex fluids can be found all around us, from molten plastics to mayonnaise, and understanding their highly nonlinear dynamics is the subject of much research.

This text introduces a common theoretical framework for understanding and predicting the flow behavior of complex fluids. This framework allows for results including a qualitative understanding of the relationship between a fluid’s behavior at the microscale of particles or macromolecules, and its macroscopic, viscoelastic properties. The author uses a microstructural approach to derive constitutive theories that remain simple enough to allow computational predictions of complicated macroscale flows.

Readers develop their intuition to learn how to approach the description of materials not covered in the book, as well as limits such as higher concentrations that require computational methods for microstructural analysis.

This monograph’s unique breadth and depth make it a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students in fluid mechanics.

Chapter 8 is the third of four chapters to consider one element of the Dominican liturgy, focussing here on the sources and unique characteristics of the Dominican divine office. Drawing on data from previous studies of the office, and in particular of office responsory chants, this chapter positions the Dominican office within a wider network of liturgical traditions. The Dominican office was clearly adopted by the Teutonic Knights, the Crosiers, and in certain Scandinavian dioceses. The source for the Dominican office is less [clear-cut]. Some traits of the Dominican office can also be observed in the advent responsories of the Cistercians and of British cathedrals, and in the responsory verses in office books from Provence; these may either have been sources for the Dominican office, or they may have shared a common source. The chapter concludes by noting distinctive features of the Dominican office and its books, for the purposes of facilitating identification of other Dominican office books.